EXTRA CREDIT Get out a piece of paper and write down the 50 states in the next 5 minutes

Fun Facts about the BRAIN Your brain is the most complex, mind-blowing organ in the universe. Your brain is the most complex, mind-blowing organ in the universe. Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to 40,000 individual connections (called synapses) between cells. Multiplying 100 billion neurons times 40,000 synapses is equivalent to the brain having more connections in it than there are stars in the universe. Each neuron is connected to other neurons by up to 40,000 individual connections (called synapses) between cells. Multiplying 100 billion neurons times 40,000 synapses is equivalent to the brain having more connections in it than there are stars in the universe. A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses, all "talking" to one another The brain is one of the best examples of the “use it or lose it” principle. Connections that are used repeatedly in the early years become permanent; while those that are not used are pruned. A piece of brain tissue the size of a grain of sand contains 100,000 neurons and 1 billion synapses, all "talking" to one another The brain is one of the best examples of the “use it or lose it” principle. Connections that are used repeatedly in the early years become permanent; while those that are not used are pruned. At age 11, the brain begins to prune extra connections at a rapid rate. The circuits that remain are more specific and efficient. At age 11, the brain begins to prune extra connections at a rapid rate. The circuits that remain are more specific and efficient.

The signals can travel at these high speeds because a part of neurons, called axons, are wrapped and insulated by a special substance called myelin. The signals can travel at these high speeds because a part of neurons, called axons, are wrapped and insulated by a special substance called myelin. Axons that are not insulated by myelin, either by design or disease, transmit signals 10 times slower. Axons that are not insulated by myelin, either by design or disease, transmit signals 10 times slower. Also, the areas of the brain that develop early, such as vision, are the first areas to become myelinated (wrapped in myelin), which helps that part of the brain become more efficient. Also, the areas of the brain that develop early, such as vision, are the first areas to become myelinated (wrapped in myelin), which helps that part of the brain become more efficient. During late adolescence and into the mid 20s, the front third of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or executive brain, continues to develop. During late adolescence and into the mid 20s, the front third of the brain, called the prefrontal cortex (PFC) or executive brain, continues to develop. Information in your brain travels at about 268 miles per hour, unless of course you are drunk, then things really slow down. Information in your brain travels at about 268 miles per hour, unless of course you are drunk, then things really slow down.

Glucose and oxygen run your brain cells. Unlike other cells in your body, glucose is the only fuel your brain knows how to use. Anything that impairs glucose delivery to brain cells is life threatening. Glucose and oxygen run your brain cells. Unlike other cells in your body, glucose is the only fuel your brain knows how to use. Anything that impairs glucose delivery to brain cells is life threatening. Oxygen is required to produce energy, without it the energy powerhouses of neurons called mitochondria will not produce enough energy to keep your brain alive. Because blood delivers glucose and oxygen to your brain, nothing must get in the way of blood flow if the brain is to stay healthy. Unconsciousness will occur after 8-10 seconds after loss of blood supply to the brain. Oxygen is required to produce energy, without it the energy powerhouses of neurons called mitochondria will not produce enough energy to keep your brain alive. Because blood delivers glucose and oxygen to your brain, nothing must get in the way of blood flow if the brain is to stay healthy. Unconsciousness will occur after 8-10 seconds after loss of blood supply to the brain.

Construction in Progress

Prefrontal Cortex So now we know that a teenagers brain is not fully developed,…but let’s talk about the part of the brain that is not yet fully developed. The front section of your brain, at your forehead, is the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals.

Prefrontal Cortex The front section of your brain, at your forehead, is the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The front section of your brain, at your forehead, is the prefrontal cortex. This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviors, personality expression, decision making and moderating correct social behavior. The basic activity of this brain region is considered to be orchestration of thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals. The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes). The most typical psychological term for functions carried out by the prefrontal cortex area is executive function. Executive function relates to abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts, determine good and bad, better and best, same and different, future consequences of current activities, working toward a defined goal, prediction of outcomes, expectation based on actions, and social "control" (the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to socially-unacceptable outcomes).psychologicalexecutive functionpsychologicalexecutive function Interestingly, the part of the brain known as the limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is key in our emotional responses. This would explain why teens may make decisions based more on feeling rather than rational thinking and may play into why they make unhealthy or risky decisions. Interestingly, the part of the brain known as the limbic system matures before the prefrontal cortex. The limbic system is key in our emotional responses. This would explain why teens may make decisions based more on feeling rather than rational thinking and may play into why they make unhealthy or risky decisions.

A is theA is themyelinsheath B is theB is the axon axon C is theC is the cell body cell body D is theD is the dendrite dendrite Details of a neuron The body is made up of billions of cells. Cells of the nervous system, called neurons, are specialized to carry "messages" through an electrochemical process. The human brain has about 100 billion neurons.

Communication of information between neurons is made possible by movement of chemicals across a small gap called the synapse. Chemicals, called neurotransmitters, are released from one neuron at the pre-synaptic nerve terminal. Neurotransmitters then cross the synapse where they may be accepted by the next neuron at a specialized site called a receptor. How Neurons Communicate

Dopamine: Dopamine: Natural chemical in brain associated with pleasure Natural chemical in brain associated with pleasure What natural things activate dopamine? What natural things activate dopamine? Sports Sports Friends Friends Accomplishments Accomplishments Activities Activities Family Family Food Food

Healthy Brain at Rest

Healthy Brain: Dopamine Activated

Healthy Brain that is High for First Time

1.Each time a person gets high, the “feel-good” response is less and less. 2.When a person gets high repeatedly, he or she begins to deplete normal dopamine levels. So eventually…

Brain of Regular Drug User at Rest

Brain of Regular Drug User Brain When High

Healthy Brain at Rest

Healthy Brain: Dopamine Activated Brain of Drug User at Rest Drug User’s Brain: Dopamine Activated Brain of Drug User at Rest Healthy Brain at Rest Drug User’s Brain When High

Your Brain After Drugs Normal Cocaine Abuser (10 da) Cocaine Abuser (100 da)

1. Teen choices are normally based on what according to the article? 2. Regions of the brain continue to mature until what age? 3. What part of the brain is responsible for thinking ahead and sizing up risks and rewards? 4. What part of your brain is responsible for emotional responses? 5. Why are teens more likely to make bad choices when it comes to drugs?

6. What part of your brain creates memories? 7. What is the name of the two fine tuning processes of the brain called? 8. How can teens control how their brain develops? 9. What neurotransmitter is responsible for making you feel “high” when it floods the brain? 10. What are the 2 things that the limbic system does in response to the flood of excess neurotransmitters?

Tobacco What do you know about Tobacco? What do you know about Tobacco? It is believed that tobacco has been cultivated in the Americas since 6,000 B.C. It is believed that tobacco has been cultivated in the Americas since 6,000 B.C. Tobacco is in the same family as the potato, pepper and the poisonous nightshade, a very deadly plant. Tobacco is in the same family as the potato, pepper and the poisonous nightshade, a very deadly plant.

Chemicals Found In Cigarettes There are 600 ingredients in cigarettes, that when burned created 4,000 chemicals. There are 600 ingredients in cigarettes, that when burned created 4,000 chemicals. 200 are know poisons 200 are know poisons 69 are known to cause cancer (carcinogens) 69 are known to cause cancer (carcinogens) Did you KNOW Did you KNOW Smoke from one cigarette can take up to three hours to clear an average sized room! Smoke from one cigarette can take up to three hours to clear an average sized room! Smoke filled rooms can have up to six-times the air pollution as a busy highway Smoke filled rooms can have up to six-times the air pollution as a busy highway

Chemicals Found In Cigarettes Acetone Acetone Ammonia Ammonia Arsenic Arsenic Benzene Benzene Carbon monoxide Carbon monoxide Cyanide Cyanide DDT DDT Formaldehyde Formaldehyde Lead Lead Methanol Methanol Napthalene Napthalene Nicotine Nicotine Tar Tar Mercury Mercury

FDA Regulation of Tobacco Are tobacco products regulated by the FDA? Are tobacco products regulated by the FDA? Are nicotine replacement products (patches, gum, lozenge) regulated by the FDA? Are nicotine replacement products (patches, gum, lozenge) regulated by the FDA?

FDA Regulation of Tobacco In 2007 two bills were introduced Senate Bill: S. 625 and House Bill: H.R These bills will allow the FDA to: In 2007 two bills were introduced Senate Bill: S. 625 and House Bill: H.R These bills will allow the FDA to: Ban cigarette samples (smaller than 1 pack) Ban cigarette samples (smaller than 1 pack) Ban sponsorship of entertainment events including sports Ban sponsorship of entertainment events including sports Prohibit health claims about so-called "reduced risk" tobacco products that are not scientifically proven Prohibit health claims about so-called "reduced risk" tobacco products that are not scientifically proven Require the disclosure of the contents of tobacco products Require the disclosure of the contents of tobacco products Require larger and more informative health warnings on tobacco products. Require larger and more informative health warnings on tobacco products.

Short Term Effects of Tobacco Use Smell Smell Nails Nails Teeth Teeth Wrinkles Wrinkles High blood pressure High blood pressure Increased heart rate Increased heart rate Shortness of breath Shortness of breath Sexual dysfunction Sexual dysfunction

Long Term Effects of Tobacco Use Heart disease Heart disease Stoke Stoke Emphysema Emphysema Lung cancer Lung cancer Bladder cancer Bladder cancer Larynx cancer Larynx cancer Stomach cancer Stomach cancer Uterine cancer Uterine cancer Breast cancer Breast cancer

Why do people smoke? Available Available Stress Stress Weight Weight Boredom Boredom Influence Influence Image Image

The Facts The majority of people, even teens, do NOT smoke. The majority of people, even teens, do NOT smoke. 74% of Missourians are SMOKE-FREE 74% of Missourians are SMOKE-FREE Only 26 out of 100 adults smoke. Only 26 out of 100 adults smoke. Only 24 out of 100 teenagers smoke. Only 24 out of 100 teenagers smoke.

The Facts Nicotine is ADDICTIVE It’s easier never to start smoking than to quit smoking Most teens (75%) who are daily smokers and planned to stop smoking were still smoking 5- 7 years later 8 out of 10 teens say that if they had to do it over, they would NOT start smoking Just what price are you willing to pay for Tobacco...

Tobacco Industry Influence The tobacco industry spends The tobacco industry spends 12.4 billion dollars yearly 12.4 billion dollars yearly 34.1 million dollars a day advertising their product! 34.1 million dollars a day advertising their product! In MO they spend $460.9 million a year on advertising and marketing In MO they spend $460.9 million a year on advertising and marketing WHY? WHY? They lose over 440,000 customers in the U.S. every year They lose over 440,000 customers in the U.S. every year Almost 90% of smokers started smoking before the age of 18! Almost 90% of smokers started smoking before the age of 18!

What is marijuana? Marijuana—often called pot, grass, reefer, weed, herb, mary jane, or mj—is a greenish-gray mixture of the dried, shredded leaves, stems, seeds, and flowers of Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant. Most users smoke marijuana in hand-rolled cigarettes called joints, among other names; some use pipes or water pipes called bongs. Marijuana cigars called blunts have also become popular. Teeee

What Pot Smokers Will Tell You Marijuana/Weed/Pot… is safer than alcohol is not addictive will help you do things better is natural → is safe is “medical” → is safe is good for society

Extent of Use Marijuana is the Nation’s most commonly used illicit drug. More than 94 million Americans (40 percent) age 12 and older have tried marijuana at least once, according to the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH).

Current Trends In the past few years, according to the 2004 Monitoring the Future Survey, an annual survey of drug use among the Nation’s middle and high school students, illicit drug use by 8th-, 10th-, and 12 th graders has leveled off. Still, in 2004, 16 percent of 8th-graders reported that they had tried marijuana, and 6 percent were current users. Among 10th-graders, 35 percent had tried marijuana sometime in their lives, and 16 percent were current users. As would be expected, rates of use among 12th- graders were higher still. 46% percent had tried marijuana at some time, and 20 percent were current users.

Other Trends  It was a contributing factor in 119,000 emergency room visits in 2002  57% of juvenile males and 32% of juvenile females arrestees tested positive for marijuana tested positive for marijuana

THC (delta -9- tetrahydrocannabinol) Main active ingredient in marijuana The membranes of certain nerve cells in the brain bind to THC. Once securely attached, THC kicks off a series of cellular reactions that lead to the high that users experience.

How does Marijuana effect the brain? When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to organs throughout the body, including the brain. In the brain, THC connects to specific sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells and thereby influences the activity of those cells. Some brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors; others have few or none. Many cannabinoid receptors are found in the parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement. When someone smokes marijuana, THC rapidly passes from the lungs into the bloodstream, which carries the chemical to organs throughout the body, including the brain. In the brain, THC connects to specific sites called cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells and thereby influences the activity of those cells. Some brain areas have many cannabinoid receptors; others have few or none. Many cannabinoid receptors are found in the parts of the brain that influence pleasure, memory, thought, concentration, sensory and time perception, and coordinated movement.

Effects on the Brain Problems in memory and learning Problems in memory and learning Distorted perception Distorted perception Difficulty in thinking and problem solving Difficulty in thinking and problem solving Loss of coordination Loss of coordination Increased heart rate Increased heart rate Research findings for long-term marijuana use indicate some changes in the brain similar to those seen after long-term use of other drugs (cocaine, heroin) Research findings for long-term marijuana use indicate some changes in the brain similar to those seen after long-term use of other drugs (cocaine, heroin)

Effects on the Heart One study has indicated that a user’s risk of heart attack more than quadruples in the first hour after smoking marijuana. The researchers suggest that such an effect might occur from marijuana’s effects on blood pressure and heart rate and reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

Effects on the Lungs A study of 450 individuals found that people who smoke marijuana frequently but do not smoke tobacco have more health problems and miss more days of work than nonsmokers. Many of the extra sick days among the marijuana smokers in the study were for respiratory illnesses.

Even infrequent use can cause burning and stinging of the mouth and throat, often accompanied by a heavy cough. Someone who smokes marijuana regularly may have many of the same respiratory problems that tobacco smokers do, such as daily cough and phlegm production, more frequent acute chest illness, a heightened risk of lung infections, and a greater tendency to obstructed airways.

Smoking marijuana increases the likelihood of developing cancer of the head or neck, and the more marijuana smoked the greater the increase. A study comparing 173 cancer patients and 176 healthy individuals produced strong evidence that marijuana smoking doubled or tripled the risk of these cancers.

Marijuana use also has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts of the respiratory tract because it contains irritants and carcinogens. In fact, marijuana smoke contains 50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke. It also produces high levels of an enzyme that converts certain hydrocarbons into their carcinogenic form—levels that may accelerate the changes that ultimately produce malignant cells. Marijuana users usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs’ exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts suggest that, puff for puff, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than smoking tobacco. Marijuana use also has the potential to promote cancer of the lungs and other parts of the respiratory tract because it contains irritants and carcinogens. In fact, marijuana smoke contains 50 to 70 percent more carcinogenic hydrocarbons than does tobacco smoke. It also produces high levels of an enzyme that converts certain hydrocarbons into their carcinogenic form—levels that may accelerate the changes that ultimately produce malignant cells. Marijuana users usually inhale more deeply and hold their breath longer than tobacco smokers do, which increases the lungs’ exposure to carcinogenic smoke. These facts suggest that, puff for puff, smoking marijuana may increase the risk of cancer more than smoking tobacco.

Other Health Effects Some of marijuana’s adverse health effects may occur because THC impairs the immune system’s ability to fight off infectious diseases and cancer. In laboratory experiments that exposed animal and human cells to THC or other marijuana ingredients, the normal disease-preventing reactions of many of the key types of immune cells were inhibited. In other studies, mice exposed to THC or related substances were more likely than unexposed mice to develop bacterial infections and tumors.

Effects of Heavy Marijuana Use on Learning and Social Behavior Depression, anxiety, and personality disturbances have been associated with marijuana use. Research clearly demonstrates that marijuana has potential to cause problems in daily life or make a person’s existing problems worse. Because marijuana compromises the ability to learn and remember information, the more a person uses marijuana the more he or she is likely to fall behind in accumulating intellectual, job, or social skills. Moreover, research has shown that marijuana’s adverse impact on memory and learning can last for days or weeks after the acute effects of the drug wear off.

Students who smoke marijuana get lower grades and are less likely to graduate from high school, compared with their non-smoking peers. A study of 129 college students found that, for heavy users of marijuana (those who smoked the drug at least 27 of the preceding 30 days), critical skills related to attention, memory, and learning were significantly impaired even after they had not used the drug for at least 24 hours.

The heavy marijuana users in the study had more trouble sustaining and shifting their attention and in registering, organizing, and using information than did the study participants who had used marijuana no more than 3 of the previous 30 days. As a result, someone who smokes marijuana every day may be functioning at a reduced intellectual level all of the time.

More recently, the same researchers showed that the ability of a group of long- term heavy marijuana users to recall words from a list remained impaired for a week after quitting, but returned to normal within 4 weeks. In another study, marijuana users reported that use of the drug impaired several important measures of life achievement including cognitive abilities, career status, social life, and physical and mental health.

Research has shown that babies born to women who used marijuana during their pregnancies display altered responses to visual stimuli, increased tremulousness, and a high-pitched cry, which may indicate neurological problems in development. During infancy and preschool years, marijuana-exposed children have been observed to have more behavioral problems than unexposed children and poorer performance on tasks of visual perception, language comprehension, sustained attention, and memory. In school, these children are more likely to exhibit deficits in decision-making skills, memory, and the ability to remain attentive. Effects on Pregnancy

Addictive Potential Long-term marijuana use can lead to addiction for some people; that is, they use the drug compulsively even though it interferes with family, school, work, and recreational activities. Drug craving and withdrawal symptoms can make it hard for long-term marijuana smokers to stop using the drug. People trying to quit report irritability, sleeplessness, and anxiety. They also display increased aggression on psychological tests, peaking approximately one week after the last use of the drug.