Types of Sculpture

A sculptor is a person obsessed with the form and shape of things, and it’s not just the shape of one thing, but the shape of anything and everything: the hard, tense strength, although delicate form of a bone; the strong, solid fleshiness of a beech tree trunk. –Henry Moore

Henry Moore [British, 1898–1986], Reclining Figure: Angles, 1979.

Sculpture Sculpture - The art of carving, casting, modeling, or assembling materials into three-dimensional figures or forms Relief sculpture Bas-Relief or low relief High Relief Freestanding sculpture

Subtractive and Additive Types of Sculpture Subtractive Process - Carving, unwanted materials are removed. Additive Process - Modeling, Casting, Construction

Mass: a solid, three-dimensional form that has weight and takes up real space Voids: the empty spaces between the masses of sculpture

Carving Carving - removing portions of a block of materials to create a form. Can use stone, wood, ivory, chocolate…

Figure 9. 1, p. 181: MICHELANGELO. The Cross-Legged Captive (c Figure 9.1, p.181: MICHELANGELO. The Cross-Legged Captive (c. 1530–1534). Marble. H: 7’6 1⁄2”.

Modeling Modeling - using a pliable materials such as clay or wax the artist shapes the material into a 3D form. Can be done by hand or tools.

Casting Casting - liquid metal material is poured into a mold to create a form. Mold - the form into which the material is poured and with imparts the shape. Any material that hardens can be used for casting. One of the oldest and most common is Bronze.

Figure 9. 2, p. 181: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Portrait of Robert (1969) Figure 9.2, p.181: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Portrait of Robert (1969). Cast bronze with white patina. 13” x 12 1⁄2” x 10”.

The Lost-Wax Technique The artist creates a form and them from this form a mold is created by covering the shape usually in plaster or resin. The inside of the mold is is then filled or covered with wax. The wax is removed and covered in a sandy mixture of silica, clay and plaster to create a investiture. Investiture - is a fire resistant mold into which the liquid metal will be poured. The wax is heated and pour out of the now sold investiture and replaced with the liquid metal. The finished metal sculpture is removed from the investiture, and burnished. Burnished - treated chemically to take on a texture and color.

Figure 9.4, p.182: EDGAR DEGAS. The Little Dancer, 14 Years Old (1880–1881). Bronze. H: 39”.

Figure 9. 5, p. 183: SHERRIE LEVINE. Fountains after Duchamp (1991) Figure 9.5, p.183: SHERRIE LEVINE. Fountains after Duchamp (1991). Bronze. Installation view at Sherrie Levine Exhibition in the Zürich Kunsthalle (2.11.1991–3.1.1992), Zürich, Switzerland.

Casting of Human Models Figure 9.6, p.183: GEORGE SEGAL. Three Figures and Four Benches (1979). Painted bronze. 52” x 144” x 58”.

Robert Gober, American, born 1964 Untitled (Long Leg), 1990–93 Wood, leather, cotton, wax, and hair 67 (L) x 33 x 18 cm

Types of Materials Stone Wood Clay Metal

Stone Stone is extremely hard It is also very durable Appropriate for monuments and statues Stone tools include the chisel, mallet, and rasp. Artists also use contemporary power tools

Figure 9. 7, p. 184: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Eyes (1982). Marble Figure 9.7, p.184: LOUISE BOURGEOIS. Eyes (1982). Marble. 74 3⁄4” x 54” x 45 3⁄4”.

Wood Wood can be carved, scraped, drilled, and polished molded and bent. Different woods have a different hardnesses. Wood appeals to sculptures because of its grain, color, and workability. Wood is easier to carved than stone. Tensile strength - The inherent strength of a material.

Figure 9. 8, p. 185: Poro Secret Society mask (Kagle) Figure 9.8, p.185: Poro Secret Society mask (Kagle). Liberian, Dan people. Wood. H: 9’.

Figure 9. 9, p. 186: PO SHUN LEONG. Figure (1993) Figure 9.9, p.186: PO SHUN LEONG. Figure (1993). Mahogany with hidden drawers. H: 50”.

Clay Clay is more pliable than stone or wood Clay is not very strong. Nor is permanent. Armature - an inner skeleton normally made of metal used to help give clay additional strength.

Robert Arneson. Brick Bang. 1976. Clay, glaze. 38 x 48 x 15 cm.

Metal Metals can be cast, extruded, forged, stamped, drilled, filed, and burnished. Cast bronze sculptures Direct-metal sculptures - Assembling sculpture by welding, riveting, and soldering. Patinas - the colors created on bronze due to oxidation.

Figure 9. 10, p. 187: RICHARD SERRA Figure 9.10, p.187: RICHARD SERRA. Installation view, Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao, Spain.

Richard Serra 1-1-1-1. 1968 Lead antimony

Modern and Contemporary Materials and Methods Throughout history sculptures have searched for new forms expression. Constructed sculpture Assemblage Readymades Mixed media Kinetic sculpture Light sculpture Land art

Constructed sculpture The artist “builds” the sculpture Materials could include, sheet metal, cardboard, celluloid, or wire Some artworks are lighter than those from stone or wood Unorthodox materials can also be used

Constructed sculpture Fig. 9-11, p. 188 PABLO PICASSO. Mandolin and Clarinet (1913). Wood construction and paint.

Figure 9. 12, p. 188: CLAES OLDENBURG. Soft Toilet (1966) Figure 9.12, p.188: CLAES OLDENBURG. Soft Toilet (1966). Vinyl filled with kapok painted with Liquitex, and wood. 57 1⁄16” x 27 5⁄8” x 28 1⁄16”.

Assemblage A form of constructed sculpture Pre-existing or found objects take on a new form as artworks Novel combinations that take on a new life and meaning One of the best-known examples is Picasso’s Bull’s Head

Figure 9. 15, p. 190: PABLO PICASSO. Bull’s Head (1943) Figure 9.15, p.190: PABLO PICASSO. Bull’s Head (1943). Bronze cast of parts of a bicycle. H: 16 1⁄8”.

Readymades Marcel Duchamp In Advance of a Broken Arm

Mixed Media Mixed Media - Use materials and ready-made or found objects that are not normally elements of a work of art. Artists, such as Rauschenberg (see Ch. 20), may attach other materials to their canvasses. What might be some the materials you could use in a Mixed Media sculpture?

Robert Rauschenberg, Monogram (1955-1959) Freestanding Combine

Figure 9.16, p.191: SIMON RODIA. Simon Rodia Towers in Watts (1921–1954). Cement with various objects. H: 98’.

Kinetic Sculpture Kinetic sculpture - Sculptures that move, art + action. Example: the mobile. Forms of movement might include: Wind Magnetic fields Jets of water Electric motors The intensity of light Human manipulations

Fig. 9-17, p. 191 GEORGE RICKEY. Cluster of Four Cubes (1992) Fig. 9-17, p.191 GEORGE RICKEY. Cluster of Four Cubes (1992). Stainless steel.

Light Sculpture Light and its reflections have always been an important elements in sculpture (and art!) However, “light sculpture” is a 20th-century artform What are the physical psychological and physical effects of color and the creation of illusion?

Dan Flavin installation in Marfa, TX

Other Materials Sculpture today uses not only traditional materials, but also materials that have never been used before. Example: beeswax and microcrystalline wax, chocolate, Styrofoam, etc…

Marc Quinn Self 1991 blood stainless steel perspex refrigeration

Figure 9. 20, p. 193: JANINE ANTONI. Chocolate Gnaw (1992) Figure 9.20, p.193: JANINE ANTONI. Chocolate Gnaw (1992). Chocolate (600 lb before biting), gnawed by the artist. 24” x 24” x 24” (61 cm x 61 cm x 61 cm).

Chapman Brothers Tragic Anatomies

Figure 9. 21, p. 193: SYLVIE FLEURY. Dog Toy 3 (Crazy Bird) (2000) Figure 9.21, p.193: SYLVIE FLEURY. Dog Toy 3 (Crazy Bird) (2000). Styrofoam, paint. 260 cm x 210 cm x 180 cm.