Alessandra Felici, Oncologia Medica A Istituto Regina Elena Rome

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Alessandra Felici, Oncologia Medica A Istituto Regina Elena Rome NEW PERSPECTIVES IN METASTATIC PROSTATE CANCER Rome, June 15, 2012 CINBO Mediterranean School of Oncology The near future: molecular targeted therapies for metastatic prostate cancer Alessandra Felici, Oncologia Medica A Istituto Regina Elena Rome

The Two-Compartment Model Epitheliel compartment: prostate cancer ephitelial cells Stromal compartment: bone microenvironment (hematopoietic cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes, macrophages, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and mesenchymal stem cells + soluble extracellular matrix rich in growth factors and cytokines) In passato gli sforzi maggiri

Epithelial targeting therapies Stromal targeting therapies Epithelial-stromal targeting therapies

Epithelial Targeting Therapies Chemotherapy (intrinsic defect in epithelial cell apoptosis due to BCL2 overexpression and PTEN loss) Oligonucleotides antisense that target clusterin (a chaperone protein involved in cell proliferation and survival) Necessità di associare ai chemioterapici farmaci che superino I meccanismi d resistenza , esperienze con oligonucleotidi antisens specifici per BCL è risultata non efficace e tossica. Sviluppo di novi chemioterapici

Epithelial Targeting Therapies Chemotherapy (intrinsic defect in epithelial cell apoptosis due to BCL2 overexpression and PTEN loss) Oligonucleotides antisense that target clusterin (a chaperone protein involved in cell proliferation and survival) Necessità di associare ai chemioterapici farmaci che superino I meccanismi d resistenza , esperienze con oligonucleotidi antisens specifici per BCL è risultata non efficace e tossica. Sviluppo di novi chemioterapici

Androgen-dependent prostate cancer Androgen-independent prostate cancer Schalken, BJU, 2007

Changes in gene expression with progression of prostate cancer Aumentato numero di alterazioni geniche CUMULATIVE. Combinazione di oligonecleotidi antisenso specifici per Bcl-2 e chemioterapia per superare i meccanismi di resistenza alla chemioterapia, ma non hanno portato a risultati soddisfacenti (mancato aumento di efficacia di decetaxel a discapito di un’aumentata tossicità) Stavridi, Cancer Treatment Reviews, 2010

Dasatinib- Inibitorre tirosin chinasi diretto contro BCR-ABL e le chinasi della famiglia sra, cKIt e PDGFR

Epithelial Targeting Therapies Chemotherapy (intrinsic defect in epithelial cell apoptosis due to BCL2 overexpression and PTEN loss) Oligonucleotides antisense that target clusterin (a chaperone protein involved in cell proliferation and survival)

Chaperone protein Clusterin Hsp27 OGX-011 (custirsen) OGX-427

Clusterin structure Clusterin è una chaperon protein con attività citoprotettiva attivata in seguito a stress cellulari quali chemio, redio. Ha un ruolo nella regolazione del network intracelllare che regola la sopravvivenza e la proliferazione celllare. I livelli di clusterin aumentano dopo la castazione, aumentano nei gleason alti e dopo deprivazione androgenica. Zoubeidi A et al. Clin Cancer Res 2010;16:1088-1093

Randomized phase II study of docetaxel and prednisone with or without OGX-011 in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer D/P ± OGX-011 640 mg iv weekly (82 pts) PSA decline ≥ 50%: 58% arm A v 54% arm B PFS: 7.3 v 6.1 mos (95% CI 5.3-8.8; 95% CI 3.7-8.6) OS: 23.8 v 16.9 mos (95% CI 16.2-not reached; 95% CI 12.8-25.8) Main side effects: fever, rigors, diarrhea, rash Obiettivo primario riduzione del PSA di oltre il 60%. Un vantaggio in OS può non essere correlato con una riduzione del PSA. Chi KN, J Clin Oncol, 2010

Time to pain progression (TTPP): 5.2 mos Randomized phase II trial of Custirsen (OGX-011) in combination with docetaxel or mitoxantrone as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer progressing after first-line docetaxel: CUOG trial P-06c 20 DPC 77% pain responses PSA declines ≥50%: 60% OS: 15.8 mos Time to pain progression (TTPP): 10.0 mos 22 MPC 46% pain responses PSA declines ≥50%: 27% OS: 11.5 mos Time to pain progression (TTPP): 5.2 mos Saad, Clin Cancer Res, 2011

Rocci, Cancer Res, 2005 Zoubeidi, Cancer Res, 2007

First-Line OGX-427 + Prednisone vs Prednisone in mCRPC OGX-427: synthetic oligonucleotide inhibitor of Hsp27 gene expression OGX-427 600 mg IV x 3. loading doses within 10 days, then 1000 mg IV weekly + Prednisone 5 mg PO BID Patients with progressive mCRPC who received no prior chemotherapy for metastatic disease (N = 33) Prednisone 5 mg PO BID* *Crossover allowed upon disease progression Primary endpoint: PD at 12 wks Secondary endpoints: PSA decline, measurable disease response, PFS, TTP, CTC count, serum/plasma HSP27 Chi KN, et al. ASCO 2012.

OGX-427/Prednisone in mCRPC: Results Outcome, n (%) OGX-427/Prednisone Prednisone Disease progression at 12 wks (n = 17) (n = 15) No disease progression 12 (71; 95% CI: 0.440,0.897) 6 (40;95% CI:0.163,0.677) Disease progression 5 (29) 9 (60) Best PSA decline from baseline (n = 22) (n = 20) ≥ 80% 2 (9) 1 (5) ≥ 60% 11 (50) 4 (20) ≥ 30% 13 (59) 6 (30) Any 17 (77) 11 (55) Measurable disease response (n = 9) (n = 12) CR 1 (11) PR 3 (33) SD 7 (58) PD 2 (17) Chi KN, et al. ASCO 2012.

OGX-427/Prednisone for mCRPC: Toxicity Incidence of All Laboratory Treatment-Emergent Events OGX-427 + Prednisone (n = 22) Prednisone (n = 20) Grade 3/4 Lymphopenia, n 4 (11%) 2 (10%) Chills, n 1 (5%) Hyperglycemia, n 3 (14%) Elevated creatinine, n 1* (5%) Fatigue, n Hypertension, n Hyponatremia, n Gli autori concludono che Hsp27 è un nuovo target terapeutico per il trattamento di mCRCP he ha un’interessante attività nella progressione, riduzione del PSA e risposta in termini di malattia misurabile. *1 case of grade 4 hemolytic uremic syndrome reported at Wk 7. Chi KN, et al. ASCO 2012.

Stromal Targeting Therapies Endothelin type A (ETA) receptor antagonist (Atrasentan) Monoclonal antibodies against RANKL (Denosumab) Antiangiogenic Agents Questi agenti agiscono inibendo la capacità delle cellule stromali di supportare la crescita delle cellule epitelliali più che agire direttamente sulle cellule epiteliali. Questo target differente ne limita probabilemente l’efficacia in monoterapia. Agendo come modulatori del microambiente osseo non hanno dimostrato di avere un impatto sulla soprevvivenza. Probabilmento l’uso ottimale deli agenti che agiscono sullo stroma è in combinazone con agenti che interferiscono sull’epielio come la chemioterapia. L’interazione tra il ligando ed il recettore RANK ha un ruolo cruciale nella regolazione dell’osteoclastogenesi e del rimodellamento osseo. Le cellule epiteliali del tumore prostatico nelle metastasi ossee overespimono RANKL. Il blocco dell’angiogenesi per inibire la crescita cellulare è un archetipo di strategia che agsce sullo stroma.

Stromal Targeting Therapies Endothelin type A (ETA) receptor antagonist (Atrasentan) Monoclonal antibodies against RANKL (Denosumab) Antiangiogenic Agents Questi agenti agiscono inibendo la capacità delle cellule stromali di supportare la crescita delle cellule epitelliali più che agire direttamente sulle cellule epiteliali. Questo target differente ne limita probabilemente l’efficacia in monoterapia. Agendo come modulatori del microambiente osseo non hanno dimostrato di avere un impatto sulla soprevvivenza. Probabilmento l’uso ottimale deli agenti che agiscono sullo stroma è in combinazone con agenti che interferiscono sull’epielio come la chemioterapia. L’interazione tra il ligando ed il recettore RANK ha un ruolo cruciale nella regolazione dell’osteoclastogenesi e del rimodellamento osseo. Le cellule epiteliali del tumore prostatico nelle metastasi ossee overespimono RANKL. Il blocco dell’angiogenesi per inibire la crescita cellulare è un archetipo di strategia che agsce sullo stroma.

Antiangiogenesis Agents Bevacizumab (VEGFmAb) Lenalidomide (thalidomide analog) Aflibercept (VEGF Trap) Sunitinib (multitargeted small molecule VEGFR TKI) Sorafenib (multitargeted small molecule VEGFR TKI) Tasquinimod

A Phase 2 Study of Estramustine, Docetaxel, and Bevacizumab in Men With Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer Results From Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 90006 RESULTS (79 pts) 75% had a ≥ 50% PSA decline 59% had a partial response Median PFS 8 months (1st end point) Overall median survival: 24 months TOXICITY 69% neutropenia without fever 25% fatigue 9% thrombosis/emboli L’end point primario non è stato raggiunto (PFS mediano di 11 mesi). Trombosi-emboli: grado 3:5%, grado2:3%, grado 1:1%. Neutropenia:51% grado 4. 3 treatmant related death (neutropenia, trombosi e perforazione). Estramustine puù aver contrbuito agli eventi vasculo-correlati. Beva 5 mg/kg sett Picus, Cancer, 2011

Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Trial Comparing Docetaxel and Prednisone With or Without Bevacizumab in Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: CALGB 90401 1050 pts with chemotherapy-naive progressive mCRPC Docetaxel 75 mg/m2, PDN 5 mg bid ± beva 15 mg/kg, q21 OS: 22.6 v 21.5 mos H(R: 0.91; 95% CI 0.78 to 1.05; p=.181) (primary end-point) PFS: 9.9 v 7.5 mos (p<.002) OR: 49.4% v 35.5% (p=.0013) Grade 3/4 toxicities: 75.4% v 56.2% (p≤.001) Circa un 10 % di differenza di riduzione del PSA oltre il 50%. Una analisi per sottogruppi sembra mostrare un vantaggio in sopravvivenza per pazienti con malattia più avanzata ed a peggiore prognosi. La non correlazione tra OS e gli altri end-point raggiunti può essere dovuto ad una mancata correlazione tra end-point clinici e OS, all’impatto di terapia utlizzate in seconda linea 2/3 dei paz hanno ricevuto seconda linea molti con reinduzione di docetaxel, al disegno dello studio che non prevedeva il mantenimento del beva oltre la progressione. La OS del braccio di controllo è più lunga rispetto al TAX327 (19 v 21 mos).pz anziani potrebbero beneficiare meno del beva. Kelly, J Clin Oncol, 2012

Phase II docetaxel, bevacizumab, thalidomide and prednisone (60 pts) 89,6% had <50 % PSA response Overall response 64% PFS: 18,3 mos OS: 28,2 mos Bamidele Adesunloye, ASCO 2012

54 pts 46 (85.2%) has maximal PSA decline of >50% 30 pts had measurable disease: 1 CR and 25 PR by RECIST PFS: 22 mos 90% alive at 12 mos 25 of study: 17 for radiographic progression, 8 for other reasons

Dual antiangiogenic therapy + docetaxel and prednisone resulted in high PSA and tumor response. Toxicities were manageable.

Multitargeted Tirosin Kinase Inhibitors Fizazi, BJU, 2010

Tasquinimod Oral quinoline-3-carboxamide derivative that bind S100A9 protein Growth inhibition: up-regulation of TSP-1; down-regulation of HIF-1 α protein, androgen receptor protein, glucose transporter-1 protein Anti-angiogenic response: decrease tumor tissue level of VEGF S100A9 è una proteina ad attività immunomodulatoria espressa da cellule presenti nel microambiente e stimolo la neoangiogenesi in maniera dipendente ed indipendente dal VEGF.la trombospondina 1 è un potente inibitore endogeno dell’angiogenesi

Phase II Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Tasquinimod in Men With Minimally Symptomatic Metastatic Castrate-Resistant Prostate Cancer 201 asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic pts with bone-metastases (134 T, 67 placebo) PFS at 6 mos: 69% vs 37% (median PFS: 7.6 mos vs 3.3 mos) p<.001 Time to symptomatic progression was longer in T treated pts (p=0.039; HR:0.42) Side effects: GI disorders, fatigue, musculoskeletal pains, elevations of pancreatic and inflammatory biomarkers All pts Visceral mets 0.25 escalating to 1.0 m/d over for weeks v placebo. 1° endpoint proporzione di pazienti liberi da progressione a 6 mesi (escluded la progressione con PSA, quindi dolore o RECIST).minor effect on Psa declines (4% pts>50%)17 pts liberi da progressione a 6 mesi hanno crossato a tasquinimod Bone mets Pili, J Clin Oncol 29:4022-4028, 2011

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Epithelial-Stromal Targeting Therapies Novel Agents that Interfere with Androgen Signaling (Abiraterone, TAK-700, MDV3100) Targeted Agents (Dasatinib, Cabozantinib) Immunotherapy (Sipuleucel-T, Ipilimumab, PROSTVAC-VF) Dasatinib e cabozantinib sono due Multitarget tirosin-chianasi che agiscono ripettivamente sulle chinasi di BCR-ABL e src, c-Kit, e PDGFR beta il dasatinib e c-MET e VEGFR2 cabozaninib. Immunoterapia come vaccini e anti-CTLA-4.

Cabozantinib (XL184) Is a potent targeted therapy that inhibits MET and VEGFR2 MET pathway activation promotes tumor growth, invasion and metastasis. Overexpression of MET and/or its ligand HGF are associated with prostate cancer metastasis. In preclinical studies, androgen ablation upregulates MET signaling. 74% tumor regression Hussain, ASCO 2011

Cabozantinib (XL184) in Chemotherapy-Pretreated mCRPC: Results from a Phase 2 Non-Randomized Expansion Cohort (Abstract n. 4513) Smith, ASCO 2012

Bone Scan Response by Independent Radiology Review Key Eligibility Criteria: Prior Docetaxel (>225 mg/m2) and bone metastases documented on bone scan Radiographic progression within 6 months of last taxane dose Two dose level explored sequentially: 100 mg po QD (N=93); 40 mg po QD (N=51) Bone Scan Response by Independent Radiology Review

Results and Toxicity

Phase II Cabozantinib Summary Cabozantinib 100 mg QD demonstrates robust clinical activity in docetaxel-pretreated mCRPC patints: 67% complete or partial bone scan responses 80% regression of measurable disease 46% madian pain improvment in patients with pain score <4 56% decrease or discontinued narcotics Activity regardless of prior abiraterone and/or cabazitaxel therapy Preliminary evidence supports clinical activity at 40 mg QD Manageable AEs

Phase III trials in mCRCP with survival advantages

FDA regulatory approvals in mCRCP in US

Conclusions Despite the significant advances in treatment options for patients with CRPC, their prognosis remains poor. Targeting multiple signaling pathways may yield better results A big challenge is the inability to tailor therapy individually based on the unique characteristics of a particular cancer Every patient with CRPC should be encouraged to participate in clinical trial