Racial Segregation in urban-rural continuum: do patterns by geographical region? Racial Segregation in urban-rural continuum: do patterns vary by geographical region? Yosef Bodovski Master in GIS & Population Research Institute The Pennsylvania State University Academic Advisor: Dr. Chris Benner, Department of Geography

Definitions:  Metropolitan Area is a large population center consisting of a large city and its adjacent zone of influence.  Principal City is the largest city in Metro Area.  Urban-Rural Continuum is a classification scheme that distinguishes geographic units by population size and adjacency to a Metro Area.  Residential Segregation refers to the unequal distribution of groups across space.

Recent Demographic Trends in US Metros  The fast growing Metro Areas in 1980s and 1990s become slow growing in 2000s.  South and West Metros become a major population growth centers.  The fastest-growing Metros rely on domestic migration and natural growth while slow growing Metros rely on immigration.  Most of the Central Cities have similar trends as their Metro Areas Source: W.Frey (2005) Metro America in the New Century: Metropolitan and Central City Demographic Shifts since The Brooking Institution – Living Census Series.

U.S. Census Geography:

Project Data:  Source: Census Summary File 1 (SF1)  Years: 2000 and 1990  Geographic Level: Block  Variables: * White not Hispanic * White not Hispanic * Black not Hispanic * Black not Hispanic * Asian not Hispanic * Asian not Hispanic * Hispanic * Hispanic  Shapefiles: Block Level Boundary Files. Source: U.S. Census Bureau Web Site

Measures of Spatial Segregation The Index of Dissimilarity (Black vs. White): d=(1/2)sum( | b (i) / B – w (i) / W |) Where: Where: b (i): black population in areal unit (block) B: total black population in Metro Area w (i): white population in areal unit (block) W: total white population in Metro Area Measures the evenness with which two mutually exclusive groups are distributed across the geographic units that make up a larger geographic entity (Metro Area). Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp

Measures of Spatial Segregation The isolation index: I = sum (w (i) / W) * (w (i) / t (i)) Where: Where: w (i): white population in areal unit (block) w (i): white population in areal unit (block) W: total white population in Metro Area t (i): total population in areal unit (block) Reports the percentage white in areal unit for the typical average white person. Measures concentration or isolation of one race group. Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp

Measuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity index Metro Area as a Whole Unit  Dissimilarity indexes generally declined between 1990 and 2000 for all race groups  White-Black segregation remained high (d>0.8) in Traditional North (Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia) and Old South (Atlanta, Birmingham) metros; decreased (d 0.8) in Traditional North (Chicago, Detroit, Philadelphia) and Old South (Atlanta, Birmingham) metros; decreased (d<0.4) in West (Portland, SF) and New South (Dallas, Miami) metros.  White-Hispanic segregation is slightly higher in North East (average d=0.44), mixed patterns in the rest of he country  White-Asian segregation has significantly declined between 1990 and 2000 (average d=0.47) in all areas. Source: W. Frey, D. Myers (2005) “Racial Segregation in US Metro Areas and Cities ”, Population Center Research Report, University of Cities ”, Population Center Research Report, University of Michigan Michigan

Measuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity index Principal City vs. Suburbs  Racial diversity in suburban areas rose substantially in the last decade.  “Melting Pot” Metros (New York, Chicago, Los Angeles) have the highest minority suburban population.  Minorities are responsible for the bulk of suburban population gains in 1990s.  Asians are more likely to live in major metropolitan suburbs than in cities.  People who identify themselves as belonging to more than one race show different suburbanization patterns. Source: W. Frey (2001) Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan.

Measuring Spatial Segregation using dissimilarity index Metro Classification by Suburban Diversity Patterns 1. Melting Pot Metros (Chicago, New York, Los Angeles) 2. Southern White-Black Metros (Atlanta, Nashville, Birmingham) 3. Mainly White South and West Metros (Seattle, Tampa, Denver) 4. North White-Black Metros (Philadelphia, Cleveland, Detroit) 5. Mainly White North Metros (Boston, Minneapolis, Cincinnati) Source: W. Frey (2001) Melting Pot Suburbs: A Census 2000 Study of Suburban Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan. Diversity. Population Center Research Report. University of Michigan.

Measures of Spatial segregation The Information Theory Index: H = sum (( t (i) ( E – E (i) )) / ET Where: t (i): total population in areal unit E: metro area diversity (entropy) E (i): areal unit diversity (entropy) T: total metro area population Reports weighted average deviation of each unit’s diversity from the study area diversity. Source: Reardon S., Firebaugh G. (2002) Measures of Multi Group Segregation, Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp Sociological Methodology 32 (1) pp

Measuring Spatial Segregation using Information Theory Index Metro Area as a Whole Unit  The diversity and segregation measures show that diversity increased substantially over the period between 1990 and 2000 and segregation declined.  Segregation is higher for Black and White race groups  Midwest Metro Areas have the highest segregation indexes followed by Northeast, South and West.  Metro Areas with bigger population and higher percent of minorities have higher segregation indexes Source: J. Iceland (2002) Beyond Black and White – Metropolitan Residential Segregation in Multi-Ethnic America. Housing and Economic Statistics Division. Segregation in Multi-Ethnic America. Housing and Economic Statistics Division. U.S. Census Bureau U.S. Census Bureau

Project Inputs  Use The Information Theory Index (H) as segregation measure since it takes into account more than two race groups at a time.  Use Census Block as a basic areal unit.  Use 100 most populated US Metropolitan Areas as Macro Units  Use data from 2000 and 1990 Census surveys  Use Population Density of Census Blocks as a measure of Urban-Rural Division. Break up each Metro Area into four sub areas (quartiles) according to Census Block Population density.

Project Assumptions  Racial Segregation is higher in places with high population density.  Racial Segregation is higher in Traditional North and Old South Metros than in the rest of the country.  Racial Segregation has declined between 1990 and 2000, in both urban and suburban areas.  The gap between top quartile (high density) and bottom quartile (low density) has declined in most of Metro Areas

Project Outputs  Calculate Information Theory Index (H) for each sub area in 100 Metropolitan Areas for 1990 and 2000 Census Data.  Compare indexes… a) …in the same area across the time b) …in the same type of sub area across the country country c) …in the same type of sub area inside five groups defined by Frey (2001) groups defined by Frey (2001) d) …in the same type of sub area between five groups defined by Frey (2001) groups defined by Frey (2001)