Advanced Aquaculture of Carps and Tilapia – Ponds and Cages Kevin Fitzsimmons, John Woiwode, R.S.N. Janjua ASA SoyPak Multan, Punjab, Pakistan 14 March 2012

Carp and Tilapia Carps are most important farmed food fish and tilapia are second. Global demand, variety of production systems and geographic regions, some vertically integrated Environmentally sustainable – “Green Aquaculture” (no fish meal required in the diet, no antibiotics, many farms use effluents for crops)

Subsistence and Export Commodity Tilapia is unique in its role as a small livestock animal grown by subsistence farmers in developing countries around the world….. And It is widely grown and exported to high value markets to be served in expensive restaurants and grocery stores Commodity or specialty crop - BOTH, like chicken

US Tilapia consumption (imports and domestic) 368,295 mt of live weight (equivalent) – ,000 mt of live weight (equivalent) ,264 mt of live weight (equivalent) – ,953 mt of live weight (equivalent – 2009) 579,443 mt of live weight (equivalent – 2010)

Genetic improvements in tilapia (From: Mair, G., 2002)

Selective breeding and genetic improvements Excellent breeding programs - G.I.F.T. - Malaysia - Genomar - Brazil and Norway - Chitralada – Thailand - TabTim – Thailand (CP Group) - GIFT Excell – Philippines - Molobicus - Philippines - GIFT Bangladesh Several in Mexico YY Supermale - Philippines and Swansea, Egypt and Indonesia

Carp and tilapia in ponds F Extensive ponds

Semi-intensive ponds

Multiple small cages Taal Lake, Philippines Irrigation Reservoir, Arizona Paulo Afonso Reservoir, Brasil

Other small cages Nile Delta, Egypt All tilapia farms have dogs, even cage farms Shrimp Pond, Philippines Shrimp Pond, Thailand

Large cage farms

Pond culture to cotton irrigation

Fish and citrus in Hainan, China

Integration of aquaculture and agriculture F Water pH reduced from 8.3 to 8.0 F Added 19.7 kg/ha N to 45 kg/ha used in standard fertilization schedule of cotton.

Results - Integration of aquaculture and agriculture F Contributed 2.6 kg/ha P to cotton crop.

Plant height with Fish Effluent, Standard Fertilizer and Well Water

Fish Nutrition and Feeds

Contents F Nutrition F Pond Fertilization and Natural Feeds F Ingredients and Formulations F Manufacture and Preparation F Storage, Handling, and Feeding Methods

Nutrition and feeding behaviours F Tilapia are omnivores (eat lots of things) F Carps are more specialized F Both capable of consuming decaying vegetable matter F Long intestines F Filter feeders (algae, bacteria, plankton) when young F Need protein and balanced nutrition for rapid growth F Maybe more cost effective to settle for moderate growth

Feeding strategy F Juvenile fish are especially good at filter feeding phytoplankton. F Many hatcheries utilize greenwater culture F Juveniles also filter feed on small zooplankters (especially crustaceans) F Save money on juvenile feeds by partial nutrition from natural feed in juvenile ponds and tanks

Nutrition decisions F Natural herbivores and detritivores. F Opportunistic feeders grazing on algae and bacteria in production system. F Fry and fingerlings need high protein (50-40%) diet F Growout needs lower protein (32-28%) diet F “Organic” diets may be needed for “organic” buyers F Compare FCR to decide most efficient diet

Minimize fish meal in diet F Use more soybean meal F Utilize other grains treated with phytase F Increase use of other by-product meals (meat and bone, blood, feather, poultry by- product, brewers waste, etc.) F Examine other locally available ingredients (rice bran, cotton cake, canola, sunflower seed meal, etc)

F Long convoluted intestine. F Digests complex organic matter F Fry are filter feeders F Adults are grazers Carp and Tilapia Biology

Proteins F Need balanced set of amino acids. Basic building blocks of proteins (and muscles) F Ten essential amino acids (required) several more are supplemental

Lipids F Lipids are basically fats. F Fish need a variety of long chain hydrocarbon fatty acids for proper growth F Will also bio-accumulate lipids from consumed algae

Carbohydrates F Needed for metabolic energy F Carbohydrates are polymers of sugar. F Common ingredients are corn, sorghum, rice F Molasses is mostly sugar and water. Does not supply as much energy as equal mass of lipid (fat)

Fiber F Less digestible material to help move material though the intestines. F Helps with micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals F Commonly supplied in “premix” F Often available in natural production of ponds. F Not critical for most semi-intensive fish farm operations. F Very critical in cage systems

Ingredients and formulations F Normally need high protein diets for young F 40-50% F Protein requirements drop as fish reach reproductive age. Lipid demand might increase with egg formation % F Growout diets only need 25% protein

Manufacturing and preparations

Pellet mill

Compression pellet mill F Feed mixed with water to dough consistency F Moistened feed put into hopper, pushed down to auger screw F Auger forces feed through the die head. F Holes in die determine pellet width F Knife blade cuts pellets to desired length

Extruders F Floating feeds F Feed mixes with steam in barrel of extruder F Cooks ingredients, improves palatability F Gelatinizes starches F Steam expansion and auger forces feed out of barrel with rapid expansion. F Traps air in pellet, allows to float

Meat grinders and pasta mills

Storage F Always keep feed as dry and cool as possible F Avoids spoilage and rancidity of fats in diet F Bags should be on pallets, off floor to allow air to circulate and slow pests (mice, rats, roaches, ants, from getting to bags F Large amount can be stored in bulk in silos.

Handling F Reduce rough handling F Crushed pellets form fines which are not consumed by fish. F Fed by hand, blower, belts

Bangladesh tilapia aquaculture

Future global tilapia aquaculture

Conclusions F Tilapia are omnivores F But eating anything will not make you grow fast and strong F Tilapia need balanced nutrition for rapid growth just like human children

Buy TILAPIA Thank you! Questions and discussion?