Lecture 4 Early Christian Martyrs Dr. Ann T. Orlando 9 September 2014 1.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Persecutions, Heresies and Growth Church History – 3 rd & 4 th Centuries.
Advertisements

Roman Emperors Stephen Corbitt Academic Team 2011.
HT 501Lecture 1: Introduction and Clement1 HT 501: Lecture 1 Introduction to Patristics 2 September 2014.
Issues Apologetics Unity Apostolic Succession Eucharist Baptism Heretics and schisms Lapsi (Lapsed ones) Petrine primacy Epicopate in general.
The Roman Empire. Today’s Goal: Describe the culture and daily life in the Roman Empire and its influence on later Western civilization.
Lecture 4 Early Christian Martyrs Dr. Ann T. Orlando 10 September
Ancient Rome: The Rise of Christianity World History.
Religious diversity in early empire -Within the culturally diverse Roman Empire, a variety of religious beliefs and practices coexisted. -Jupiter, Juno.
19 September 2005Early Christianity in Rome 1 Development of Early Christianity in Rome 19 September 2005.
CHRISTIANITY. 1. Christianity and Judaism a. Christianity- a religion that developed based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth b. Judaism in the Roman.
Introduction to Select Lectures in Church History 21 February 2007 Ann T. Orlando.
Episode 3 Waypoints in Church History The Coliseum and Christian Martyrs Dr. Ann T. Orlando.
Lecture 21 Ch 500 Lecture 2 Historical Developments Dr. Ann T. Orlando.
The Church The Work of the Early Church The Acts of the Apostles The Letters The Book of Revelation.
Christianity Ancient Rome Christianity is now the religion of over two billion people on every populated continent, but the faith began as a small movement.
Lecture 3: Early Roman Imperial History Dr. Ann T. Orlando 4 Sept
Age of Catholic Christianity II AD PersecutionPersecution.
Dr. Ann T. Orlando 18 April  Lay Responsibilities before Constantine  Lay Responsibilities after Constantine ◦ Christian Lay Roles in Society.
ROME and the RISE OF CHRISTIANITY
HT501: Lecture 3 Roman Empire 9 September Introduction Summary of Roman Political History Roman Society Religion in Roman Empire Roman ‘sports’
Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius
Reading Augustine's Confessions Lecture 2: Books I and II Dr. Ann T. Orlando.
Unit 1 Introduction to World Civilizations and New Ideas Sub Unit 1 Introduction to World Religions Lesson 2 Beliefs of Christianity.
The Rise of Christianity Christ, the Church, and the Victory of Monotheism in the Roman Empire, c. A.D
Key Ideas Many Jews opposed Roman rule in Judea.
Persecution 2 nd and 3 rd Century Christianity.  The Roman empire allowed its people to believe whatever they wanted to believe as long as they observed.
AP World History SEPTEMBER 22, 2015 (B-WEEK). Warm Up – September 22, 2015 During the period of the Late Roman Empire, Christianity: A.Experienced a change.
Foxe’s Book of Martyrs The First Persecution, Under Nero, A.D. 67 The Second Persecution, Under Domitian, A.D. 81 The Third Persecution, Under Trajan,
Life and Times of the Church Fathers. Roman Empire in 30 BC.
Accelerated World History SEPTEMBER 21, Warm Up ___ was NOT a reason for the decline of the Roman Empire. A.A strong military B.The huge amount.
Rome Builds an Empire Chapter Tennessee State Standards 6.63 Describe the influence of Julius Caesar and Augustus in Rome’s transition from a republic.
■ Essential Question: – I will be able to compare the aspects of christianity to the other religions of the ancient world using a comparison chart ■ Warm-Up.
Apostolic Fathers and Apologists 1.Emperor cult. 2.Persecution under Trajan. 3.Ignatius, Letters. 4.Justin, First Apology.
The good, the bad and the crazy
The Development of Christianity
Accelerated World History SEPTEMBER 22, 2015 (B-WEEK)
Augustus and the Pax Romana
Essential Question: What impact did the rise & spread of Christianity have on the classical world? Warm-Up Question: Pop quiz today 
Rome Builds an Empire Chapter 11.4.
(Octavian) Augustus 31BC- 14AD 27BC receives the title of Augustus, Princeps, imperator From this point on he is considered emperor Begins the Pax Romana.
Rome Its Rise and Fall. The Birth of an Empire The First Emperor –With the defeat of Antony, Octavian ruled Rome Everyone feared Octavian Everyone tired.
Marcus Aurelius By: Monica, Saul, and Mia.
Martyrs, Kings, and Fathers Confessors and the Lapsed.
HT 501Lecture 4: Ignatius1 Lecture 4: Ignatius of Antioch 15 September 2015.
Through Persecution to Victory Key source: F. W. Mattox, The Eternal Kingdom: A History of the Church of Christ, Delight, Arkansas: Gospel Light Publishing.
The Church in Fourth Century : from Constantine to Augustine Class #1: The Historical Context, Part1: The First Three Centuries.
THE ROMAN EMPIRE Rome. The Empire Takes Shape Rome had conquered much land when it was a Republic Augustus expanded Roman territory further  Britain.
WHI.06: Ancient Rome: Roman Republic and Empire This quiz will be an individual quiz. 17 MC questions and 1 short answer.
Ancient Rome: The Rise of Christianity
 World History.  Under Julius Caesar, Rome became an empire.  Octavian Augustus was the first emperor of Rome.
Ancient Rome: The Rise of Christianity World History.
Era 1: The Beginning of Christianity. Word List for Period 1 JesusPax Romana Twelve ApostlesEmperor Nero Caesaria PhilippiJewish Revolt Resurrection.
First Century, AD 1–100 c. 4 or 6 BC Birth of Jesus Christ in Bethlehem of Judea. c. AD 29 Beginning of Jesus’ public ministry, about age 30. He preaches,
1 Origins of Christianity Jesus’ followers spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, bringing it in conflict with Roman polytheism and eventually.
1 The spread of Christianity hows/religion/watch/
Ancient Rome: The Rise of Christianity World History.
Vast and Powerful Empire Rome reached its peak from beginning of Augustus’ rule in 27 BC to AD 180. For 207 yrs. the empire lived in peace This period.
 Acts of the Apostles documents the birth and growth of the Church.  The Apostles Receive the Spirit and are Confirmed for mission. The Apostles.
HT501: Lecture 3 Roman Empire 13 September Introduction Summary of Roman Political History Roman Society Religion in Roman Empire Roman ‘sports’
Lecture 3 Early Christian Martyrs Dr. Ann T. Orlando 13 September
HT501: Lecture 3 Roman Empire
Lecture 4: Ignatius of Antioch
Lecture 3 Early Christian Martyrs
Lecture 12: Priesthood of Martyrs
CHURCH HISTORY PART 2.
2nd and 3rd Century Christianity
HT501: Lecture 3 Roman Empire
Lecture 3 Early Christian Martyrs
Lecture 4: Ignatius of Antioch
Presentation transcript:

Lecture 4 Early Christian Martyrs Dr. Ann T. Orlando 9 September

Outline Review of Roman History Roman religion Roman persecution Martyrs 2

First Century Roman Empire after Augustus Series of relatives of Augustus become Emperor, ending with Nero, murdered 68 AD (Claudio-Julian line) Succeeded by Vespasian, general in Judea Vespasian, Titus, Domitian known as the Flavians Coliseum built by Vespasian 3

Second Century, “Five Good Emperors” After Domitian, Nerva and then Trajan, Hadrian, Antonius Pius, Marcus Aurelius, Policy of adopting a suitable successor, not relying on a relative Policy of appointing excellent administrators for provinces (Pliny the Younger in Asia Minor) The Empire was peaceful and prosperous s/trajan's_column01.jpg 4

Roman Provinces 5

Third Century, Turmoil and Famine Marcus Aurelius’s son, Commodus ( ), was vicious, paranoid Strangled in his bath, then stabbed; end of Antonnines After a period of civil war, Septimus Severus ( ) becomes Emperor War against Persians Revamped Roman military and law Died in York, England; succeeded by sons Caracalla (211 – 217) and Geta Series of Severides and other generals of brief reign throughout Third Century Decius ( ), major Christian persecution Attempt to re-unify Empire with renewed adherence to ancient religion Made people buy a libellus to prove they had sacrificed to gods Diocletian Greatest persecution of Christians 6

Roman Religion Roman religion was a public, civic obligation; NOT primarily a way to have a personal relationship with Divine Anyone who did not offer public sacrifice for the good of the state was considered an atheist Impiety was a sin against both gods and the family Nero started Cult of Roman Emperor as god in his lifetime But Nero and Domitian are only two emperors Roman Senate did not deify Rome links its gods with Greek gods through Virgil’s Aeneid ‘mystery religions’ became very popular in 1 st through 3 rd Century Roman society (Cults of Mithra; Isis and Osiris; Dionysius) Romans very tolerant of other beliefs A wealthy paterfamilia would sometimes set aside space for slaves and clients for their own mystery cults San Clemente 7

Roman Family Roman household was composed of paterfamilia (father) and clients (wife, children, slaves, business associates dependent upon him) Father had complete control of clients until he died Adoption, including adult adoption, was common among wealthy families All sons treated equally as heirs (no primogeniture) Exposure of unwanted infants, at discretion of father Duty (fortitude) to family and state was one of the most important Roman virtues Family was a state within a state 8

Roman Games Romans loved blood sports Gladiators were sports stars of the Roman world Important part of criminal and slave trade was supporting circuses Typical day at the Coliseum (60,000 spectators; note Circus Maximus held 250,000) Morning: animal fights Lunch: execution of criminals Afternoon: gladiators wwwdelivery.superstock.com/WI/223/ 1397/PreviewComp/SuperStock_1397R jpg 9

Christian Responses to Persecution 1. Intellectual: Apologies written to justify Christianity to Roman authorities 2. Facing torture and death without apostasy; often even looking forward to martyrdom eagerly as a proof of solidarity with Jesus 3. But, if you believed that Jesus only appeared to be human (docetists), then there seemed little reason to be a martyr yourself 4. Some did not have the courage when accused, and so apostatized and/or paid others for their libelli 10

1. Response to Persecution: Apologies Type of literature that often had the form of a legal defense It was intended for a highly educated pagan (i.e., philosophical) audience; often drew heavily on philosophical concepts to explain Christianity Tried to establish antiquity and respectability of Christianity It tried to show that Christianity was not to be feared, but encouraged good citizenship St. Justin Martyr wrote two Apologies; Tertullian wrote an Apology 11

2. Response to Persecution: Martyrdom and Christianity Martyr comes from Greek word for witness Did not actually have to die to be a martyr, but to suffer for faith (slavery, prison, mines) Note: Romans tried to avoid creating Christian martyrs; accused were given several opportunities to offer sacrifice In 3 rd Century, Roman authorities started issuing a receipt, or libellus to those who sacrificed; authorities also attacking Christianity as such, destroying Scripture 12

Martyrs Real desire to prove the totality of Christian faith (e.g., Origen On Martyrdom) Those who died were (still are) considered heroes of the faith Pilgrimage to place of burial Remembering their sacrifice in “Acts”; Peter (Quo vadis); Polycarp; Perpetua and Felicity; Justin Martyr Those who suffered but did not die (also known as confessors) were popularly considered able to forgive sin of apostasy Problem for 3 rd C bishops 13

3. Response to Persecution: Docetists (Gnostics) Heavily influenced by Platonism Believed that Jesus was God, and therefore could not suffer Physical was not important; one should try to rise above the physical to the spiritual Martyrdom had little value Knowledge (gnosis) of faith was a secret revealed by God to individual, not taught and open to all Docetists were bitterly fought by ‘orthodox’ Christians, especially bishops 14

4. Christian Response to Persecution: Apostates (or Lapsed) Very often, after persecution subsided, apostates wanted to return to Church Some sought forgiveness from martyrs Some Churches refused to allow them to return; Church only for pure: Donatists Some wanted them to be rebaptized Church needed a uniform policy Papacy guided the Church through several controversies, always on the side of forgiveness 15

‘Voluntary’ Martyrdom Bishops actively discouraged Christians from ‘volunteering’ as martyrs If accused, then Christians should not renounce the faith, but should not flaunt it for purpose of being martyred This would be suicide, not in accordance with God’s will Neither should Christians take up arms to defend themselves There is no recorded instance of any Christian rising in armed rebellion against the Romans In distinction to earlier Judaism or later Islam See, for example, Clement of Alexandria, Stromata IV.10 16

Earliest Christian Hymn Earliest known hymn not found in New Testament is Φῶς Ἱλαρόν (Phos Hilaron, or Joyful Light) Documented in Apostolic Constitutions (c. 310) By tradition, written by bishop and martyr St. Athenogenes According to Roman Martyrology, he composed the hymn as he was being led to martyrdom by fire c. 305 Athenogenes and 10 Companions Feast Day July 16 17

Catacomb Fresco of Martyrs in Fire From St. Priscilla catacomb, outside Rome C

Assignments CoG I.35, V.16, VIII.27, XXII.9-10 Hitchcock, Ch. 2 19