 Hardwood (Deciduous) - Reproduce by encased nuts and seeds  Softwood (Coniferous) - First trees - Reproduce by seed on their cone  Misleading?

 South, central and north region s in US

 Pith- Center of tree  Annual rings- Rings around pitch - Earlywood (Spring)/Latewood (Summer)  Bark- Outside layer of tree - Cambium- Where growth takes place - Two parts Phloem (bark cells)/Xylem increase tree circumference that creates sapwood (Light part of inner tree)  Heartwood- Dark part of inner tree that stores minerals (Like human spine)  Medullary rays- Carry water and nutrients across the tree  Soil, minerals and temp impact growth

 Select cutting  Clear cutting  Seed cutting

 Cut by foresters and loggers  Limbs removed  Put on travel truck  Shorted by species and best looking (Veneer)  Taken to saw mill 1. Trees debarked 2. Metal detector?????? 3. Squared up by band saw or circular saw (cant/slab wood) 4. Sawed into boards called plainsawn or cut the log into 4 quarters and then get boards from there called quatersawn lumber 5. Edges trimmed off to produce uniform board 6. Go to grader 7. Go to dry- Air or Kiln dry to make roughlumber (only three sides cut) 6-8% moisture content

 Happen in growth of tree or during drying process  Knots-Portion of branch that was part of tree, can be loose or tight  Blue stain- Discoloration caused by mold or fungus, left in high humidity  Pitch pocket- Opening of wood that contains resin (solid or liquid)  Bark pocket- Bark material that was enclosed as the tree grew

 During milling and drying  Warp- Deviation from true surface 1. Bow - Curve along the face of the board 2. Crook- Curve along the edge of the board 3. Cup- Curve across the width of the board 4. Twist- Looks like a spiral 5. Kink- Deviation along the board caused by a knot

 Ordered by its normal size but its actual size is different  Sold by piece  EAMPLE: 1x8x10 is really ¾ x 7 ¼ x 10  Come in lengths from 8 foot up and in two foot increments  Anything bigger than 16 foot may need to special order

 Sold by board foot (Unit of volume measuring 12 inches wide, 12 inches long and 1 inch thick)  Width and lengths are not standardizedm because the producer wants the best yield  Indicated thickness by quarter of an inch  Example: 4/4 is an inch thick  You could buy a 8/4 thick piecex5 inchx7 feet long

 Volume of on board is 144 cubic inches  Volume=Width x Length x Thickness  EXAMPLE: you buy one board that is 4/4 thick, 8 inch wide and 11 feet long. Also buy one that is 8/4 thick, 5 inch wide and 7 feet long. How board foot is he buying? 1. 1 x 8 x 132=1056 cubic inch /144= 7.33 board feet 3. 2 x 5 84=840 cubic feet /144=5.83 board feet =13.16 board feet

 Appearance of board  Determined by species of tree, conditions it grew in, way the wood was cut  How strong the wood is  Effects stability of material, gluing properties and finishing  End Grain- Grain on edge of board  Edge Grain- Grain on face of board - Radial Grain- cut along radius running from center of tree outward (quarter sawing produces this because grain is straight) - Tangential Grain- Few years growth