Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. PowerPoint to accompany Krar Gill Smid Technology of Machine Tools 6 th Edition Machinability of Metals Unit 28

28-2 Objectives Explain the factors that affect the machinability of metals Describe the difference between high- carbon steel and alloy steel. Assess the effects of temperature and cutting fluids on the surface finish produced

28-3 Machinability Ease or difficulty with which metal can be machines Measured by length of cutting-tool life in minutes or by rate of stock removal in relation to cutting speed employed (depth of cut)

28-4 Grain Structure Machinability of metal affected by its microstructure Ductility and shear strength modified greatly by operations such as annealing, normalizing and stress relieving Certain chemical and physical modifications of steel improve machinability –Addition of sulfur, lead, or sodium sulfite –Cold working, which modifies ductility

28-5 Results of (Free-Machining) Modifications Three main machining characteristics become evident –Tool life is increased –Better surface finish produced –Lower power consumption required for machining

28-6 Low-Carbon (Machine) Steel Large areas of ferrite interspersed with small areas of pearlite –Ferrite: soft, high ductility and low strength –Pearlite: low ductility and high strength Combination of ferrite and iron carbide More desirable microstructure in steel is when pearlite well distributed instead of in layers

28-7 High-Carbon (Tool) Steel Greater amount of pearlite because of higher carbon content –More difficult to machine steel efficiently Desirable to anneal these steels to alter microstructures –Improves machining qualities

28-8 Alloy Steel Combinations of two or more metals Generally slightly more difficult to machine than low-or high-carbon steels To improve machining qualities –Combinations of sulfur and lead or sulfur and manganese in proper proportions added –Combination of normalizing and annealing Machining of stainless steel greatly eased by addition of selenium

28-9 Cast Iron Consists generally of ferrite, iron carbide, and free carbon Microstructure controlled by addition of alloys, method of casting, rate of cooling, and heat treating White cast iron cooled rapidly after casting –hard and brittle (formation of hard iron carbide) Gray cast iron cooled gradually –composed by compound pearlite, fine ferrite, iron carbide and flakes of graphite (softer)

28-10 Cast Iron Machining slightly difficult due to iron carbide and presence of sand on outer surface of casting Microstructure altered through annealing –Iron carbide broken down into graphitic carbon and ferrite Easier to machine Addition of silicon, sulfur and manganese gives cast iron different qualities

28-11 Aluminum Pure aluminum generally more difficult to machine than aluminum alloys –Produces long stringy chips and harder on cutting tool Aluminum alloys –Cut at high speeds, yield good surface finish –Hardened and tempered alloys easier to machine –Silicon in alloy makes it difficult to machine Chips tear from work (poor surface)

28-12 Copper Heavy, soft, reddish-colored metal refined from copper ore (copper sulfide) –High electrical and thermal conductivity –Good corrosion resistance and strength –Easily welded, brazed or soldered –Very ductile Anneal: heat at 1200º F and quench in water Does not machine well: long chips clog flutes of cutting tool –Coolant should be used to minimize heat

28-13 Copper-Based Alloys: Brass Alloy of copper and zinc with good corrosion resistance, easily formed, machines, and cast Several forms of brass –Alpha brasses: up to 36% zinc, suitable for cold working –Alpha 1 beta brasses: Contain 54%-62% copper and used in hot working Small amounts of tin or antimony added to minimize pitting effect of salt water Used for water and gas line fittings, tubings, tanks, radiator cores, and rivets

28-14 Copper-Based Alloys: Bronze Alloys of copper and tin which contain up to 12% of principal alloying element –Exception: copper-zinc alloys Phosphor-bronze –90% copper, 10% tin, and very small amount of phosphorus –High strength, toughness, corrosion resistance –Used for lock washers, cotter pins, springs and clutch discs

28-15 Copper-Based Alloys: Bronze Silicon-bronze (copper-silicon alloy) –Contains less than 5% silicon –Strongest of work-hardenable copper alloys –Mechanical properties of machine steel and corrosion resistance of copper –Used for tanks, pressure vessels, and hydraulic pressure lines

28-16 Copper-Based Alloys: Bronze Aluminum-bronze (copper-aluminum alloy) –Contains between 4% and 11% aluminum –Other elements added Iron and nickel (both up to 5%) increases strength Silicon (up to 2%) improves machinability Manganese promotes soundness in casting –Good corrosion resistance and strength –Used for condenser tubes, pressure vessels, nuts and bolts

28-17 Copper-Based Alloys: Bronze Beryllium-bronze (copper and beryllium) –Contains up to 2% beryllium –Easily formed in annealed condition –High tensile strength and fatigue strength in hardened condition –Used for surgical instruments, bolts, nuts, and screws

28-18 Effects of Temperature and Friction Heat created –Plastic deformation occurring in metal during process of forming chip –Friction created by chips sliding along cutting- tool face Cutting temperature varies with each metal and increases with cutting speed and rate of metal removal

28-19 Effects of Temperature and Friction Greatest heat generated when ductile material of high tensile strength cut Lowest heat generated when soft material of low tensile strength cut Maximum temperature attained during cutting action –affects cutting-tool life, quality of surface finish, rate of production and accuracy of workpiece

28-20 High Heat Temperature of metal immediately ahead of cutting tool comes close to melting temperature of metal being cut High-speed cutting tools –Red hardness: turn red when cutting metal Occurs at temperatures above 900º F Edge breaks down beginning at 1000º and higher Cemented-carbide cutting tools –Use efficiently up to 1600º F

28-21 Friction Kept low as possible for efficient cutting action Increasing coefficient of friction gives greater possibility of built-up edge forming –Larger built-up edge, more friction –Results in breakdown of cutting edge and poor surface finish Can reduce friction at chip-tool interface and help maintain efficient cutting temperatures if use good supply of cutting fluid

28-22 Factors Affecting Surface Finish Feed rate Nose radius of tool Cutting speed Rigidity of machining operation Temperature generated during machining process

28-23 Surface Finish Direct relationship between temperature of workpiece and quality of surface finish –High temperature yields rough surface finish –Metal particles tend to adhere to cutting tool and form built-up edge Cooling work material reduces temperature of cutting-tool edge –Result in better surface finish

28-24 Effects of Cutting Fluids Perform three important functions –Reduce temperature of cutting action –Reduce friction of chips sliding along tool face –Decrease tool wear and increase tool life Three types of cutting fluids –Cutting oils –Emulsifiable (soluble) oils –Chemical (synthetic) cutting fluids

28-25 Cutting Fluids Generally used for machining steel, alloy steel, brass and bronze with high-speed steel cutting tools Not used with cemented-carbide tools –If used, great quantities of cutting fluid are applied to ensure uniform temperatures to prevent carbide inserts from cracking Not generally used with cast iron, aluminum, and magnesium alloys –Good results have been found in some cases