CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS 1961

Political leaders Cuban President: Fidel Castro Soviet Leader: Nikita Khrushchev US President: Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953 – Jan 1961) John F. Kennedy (Jan 1961 - 1963 Communist Party of Cuba Communist Party of the Soviet Union Republican Party Democratic Party

Ideologies Castro Socialist Improve social welfare Get rid of neo-imperial dominance of the US in Cuba Eisenhower/Kennedy Capitalism Expansion of influence in Cuba

 Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961 Political situation Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the superpowers came towards a nuclear war Downfall in Cuban economy accepted oil from the Soviet at below-the-market prices US refused to refine the oil  Cuba nationalized American industries anti-Castro exiles to overthrow the Cuban government were developed  Bay of Pigs invasion of 1961

Bay of pigs (April 1961) 1500 exiles landed on the beach in attempts to dig Cubans supported Cuban revolutionaries US was not prepared for this takeover It was clear to Cuba and the USSR that the US wanted to overthrow the Cuban government US behalf: failure Cuban response: install nuclear weaponry

Soviet involvement Under potential nuclear attacks by the US due to weaponry that they placed in Britain, Italy and the Jupiter missile in Turkey Wanted to help revolutionize Cuba  Latin American and Caribbean revolution

Nuclear weaponry (1962) Medium range ballistic missiles (MRBM)  range between 1000km – 3000km Washington ignored reports by US intelligence operatives of increased Soviet activity October 16, 1962: US U2 plane identified the missile sites October 17, 1962: CIA reports that the missiles could kill 80 million Americans; US planes detected 20 Russian ships travelling to Cuba October 27, 1962: U2 was shot down by a Russian missile and killed the pilot  major threat to the US October 24, 1962 – Cuban Missile Launch Site

Is it another war? “Why shouldn’t the Soviet Union have the right to do the same as America?” – Nikita Khrushchev Soviet ship sent to Cuba, worrying the US of provoking war Kennedy’s televised address to the country warned them of the situation Result: communication between Khrushchev and Kennedy led to the ship turning back US Wanted weapons dismantled USSR Protect Cuba from invasions US to remove weaponry in Europe

Style of conflict Brinksmanship Prevention of war due to Mutual assured destruction Nuclear deterrence overpowered an actual nuclear war Consequence: arms race, stock piling, increased security measures, economic support Benefit: averts outbreak of war and death tolls of combatants Historian David G. Coleman analyzes the aftermath of the Cuban Missile Crisis: “Significantly, the Soviets had lied directly to the Americans before, and this led to a major trust issue in the wake of the crisis. This is one of the things that really dominated the initial discussions.”

What were the types of settlements which concluded the war, conflict, dispute?

Result Negotiations were made between Khrushchev and Kennedy through the mediation of the United Nations. Ended with the removal of missiles in Cuba and later in Turkey with the ultimate decision to limit nuclear testing. "hotline" was established between the Kremlin and the White House for direct communication in order to avoid the risk of staring another nuclear war over poor communications.

Role of the united nations October 24, 1962, Secretary General of the United Nations, U.Thant Focused on temporarily halting military movement and missile activity in order to prolong negotiations. Made appeals to Khrushchev and Kennedy: 1. Appealed to allow time to resolve the crisis peacefully, this eased the pressures of the crisis and allowed for leaders to calmly and critically assess the situation. 2. Requested moderation, this removed tensions as there were less military stress and Khrushchev kept his ships away from Cuba.

Two main issues of the conflict The Missiles in Cuba. Cuba’s security concerns.

October 28, Khrushchev agreed to dismantle the missiles as long as Kennedy left Cuba alone. Dismantling the missiles was a slow process November 20, 1962, Kennedy ended the U.S. Navy quarantine with his announcement that all known missiles in Cuba has been shut down. January 1963, at the United Nations, the U.S. and Soviet governments formally declared an end to the Cuban Missile Crisis.

Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty on August 5, 1963 SIGNED BY THE UNITED STATES, THE UNITED KINGDOM, AND THE SOVIET UNION

British cartoon from October 29, 1962 “Ok Mr. president, let’s talk”

Kennedy and Krushchev by Herbert Block

SUMMARY

Works cited n.a. "The Crisis Ends." Oracle Think Quest. N.p.. Web. 20 Feb 2013. <http://library.thinkquest.org/11046/days/conclusion.html>. n.a. "Cuban Missile Crisis." Something About Everything Military. N.p.. Web. 20 Feb 2013. <http://www.jcs-group.com/military/warsmaller/1962cuban1.html>. n.a. "The Cuban Missile Crisis." History Today. N.p.. Web. 20 Feb 2013. <http://www.historytoday.com/john-swift/cuban-missile-crisis>. n.a. "UN Played Critical Role in Diffusing Cuban Missile Crisis." CeaseFire.ca. N.p.. Web. 20 Feb 2013. <http://www.ceasefire.ca/?p=13206>. DORN, A. WALTER, and ROBERT PAUK. "THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS RESOLVED: Untold Story of an Unsung Hero." . N.p.. Web. 20 Feb 2013. <http://www.walterdorn.org/pub/8>.