Objective 4.02: Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation Plant Propagation Objective 4.02: Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation

Do Not Write this Slide First Title for your notes “Sexual Propagation” The next 6 slides will go under this section.

Sexual Propagation from seeds Germination Rate-% of seed that sprouts Ex)75 out of 100=75% Rate affected by seed viability, temperature, moisture, and sunlight. Rates vary depending on plant and quality of seed, also.

Seeds! Seed viability: seed’s capability of growing or developing Affected by temperature and moisture

Seeds & Seedlings Seed plant depth depends on size of seeds Plant seeds no more than 1 ½ times the diameter of the seed Larger seeds planted deeper Smaller seeds are planted shallow Ex)Petunia seeds are TINY Water small seeds from bottom by soaking to prevent burying them

Seeds and Seedlings Seedlings (small plants) First set of leaves called cotyledons Monocots produce _______ seed leaf Dicots produce ________ seed leaves True leaves are the second set of leaves Transplant when first true leaves appear. Reduce humidity and water and make environment more like outside to “harden off” plants

Sexual Propagation Advantages Disadvantages Fast way to get many plants Easy to do Economical Disadvantages Some plants, especially hybrids, do not reproduce true to parents. Some plants are difficult to propagate from seeds.

Materials to Sexually Propagate Germinating Mat: This is used to warm up the soil to create the exact growing conditions a plant needs to germinate. Dibbit: tool used to help put an indention in soil where seed is to be planted

Seeds Some examples of plants started by seed include: Marigold Impatiens Begonia Coleus Shasta daisy Pansy

Key Terms Stratification: Process where seeds are exposed to water, or certain temp. to increase germination Scarification: Process where seeds are scratched or notched to rough up seed coat to make easier to germinate Cotyledons: first leaves that emerge from soil to start process of photosynthesis in seedling

Germination Rate Problems If you have 1000 seeds and there is a germination rate of 60%…how many seedlings actually emerged from the soil?

NEW SECTION! DO NOT WRITE THIS SLIDE. MAKE A NEW SECTION ON YOUR PAPER TITLED “ASEXUAL PROPAGATION”

Asexual Propagation Asexual—uses growing plant parts other than seeds There are several different methods Cutting Layering Division or separation Budding Grafting Tissue Culture

Cuttings Rooting from cuttings—rooting media should be about four inches deep. Best time of day is early morning because plants have more moisture. Stem Leaf Root

Stem Cuttings Start with sterile flats, soil, and tools Must include a node Node: A point along a plant where leaves or other stems are attached Internode: Area between two nodes Cutting: Taking a 4-6 inch piece of a plant and forcing roots to grow Using hormones and dipping the cutting in fungicides help speed up rooting

Stem Cuttings Herbaceous plants are soft tissue plants Herbaceous cuttings: Geranium, Impatiens, Begonia, Coleus Woody plants are plants that produce woody tissue Woody cuttings: Holly, Abelia, Rosemary

Leaf Cuttings Usually propagated from herbaceous plants Midrib vein must be cut in order to make roots form Examples: African violet and philodendron Snake plant and jade plant

Root Cuttings Should be spaced three inches apart in rooting area A sand, vermiculite or perlite mixture is a good medium for root cuttings The best time of day to take a stem, leaf or root cutting is early morning because plants have more moisture Examples: Hosta and Daylily

Division Cutting or pulling apart rhizomes, tubers, runners, stolons, etc. to get new plants Rhizome: Creeping underground stem Ex)Cannas & Bearded Iris Stolon: Creeping above ground stem Ex)Strawberry Tuber: Swollen, modified stem that grows underground Ex)Potato

Division Used on plants that grow in clumps Ex) Hostas, Daylilies, Irises, Grasses

Layering Air layering http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eozrB950FFc Make an incision at node of branch Dust with rooting hormone, place sphagnum moss in plastic and wrap around the incision forcing roots to grow on the stem of the plant Once roots form, remove below the new roots for a new plant http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eozrB950FFc

Layering Trench Layering http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCyT3mv5Wvs Cutting a trench and laying a branch in the trench Types include: simple, tip, and serpentine http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zCyT3mv5Wvs

Layering Mound layering Mounding the soil on a branch

Separation Separating natural structures of a plant without making a cut Examples of plants that can be separated: bulbs and corms Corm: Enlarged, bulb-like, fleshy structure found at the base of a stem. Usually flattened and round. Ex) Gladiolus and crocus

Budding Budding—a form of grafting when a bud is used Methods of budding: 1. Patch budding. 2. T-budding. Chip budding. Ex) Rose

Patch Budding

T Budding

Chip Budding

Grafting Grafting—joining separate plant parts together so that they form a union and grow together to make one plant Tools needed: Knife Tape Wax Plants must be related to each other and normally in the same genus or family

Grafting Scion: Piece of the plant at the top of graft Rootstock: Piece of the plant at the root or bottom of graft EX) Maples, fruit trees, sweetgum, pecan

Tissue Culture Micropropagation Must have sterile environment. Way to get most plants in short time. Identical to parent plant.

Advantages Asexual reproduction or propagation—plants mature in shorter time. Budding is faster or quicker than grafting. In trench layering, plant forms at each node on covered stem. Some plants do not produce viable seeds. New plants are same as parent plant.

Disadvantages Some require special equipment and skills, such as grafting. Cuttings detach plant parts from water and nutrient source. Some plants are patented making propagation illegal.