The Renaissance Section 2: The Northern Renaissance + Ch. 19 Section 1: Europeans Explore the East

The Northern Renaissance Begins Renaissance Ideas Spread – Spirit of Renaissance Italy impresses visitors from northern Europe – When Hundred Years’ War ends (1453), cities grow rapidly – Merchants in northern cities grow wealthy and sponsor artists – England and France unify under strong monarchs who are art patrons – Northern Renaissance artists interested in realism – Humanists interested in social reform based on Judeo-Christian values

Artistic Ideas Spread Renaissance Styles Migrate North – Artists, writers move to northern Europe fleeing war in Italy (1494) German Painters – Albrecht Dürer’s woodcuts and engravings emphasize realism – Hans Holbein the Younger paints portraits, often of English royalty Flemish Painters – Flanders is the artistic center of northern Europe – Jan van Eyck, pioneer in oil-based painting, uses layers of paint – Van Eyck’s paintings are realistic and reveal subject’s personality – Pieter Bruegel captures scenes of peasant life with realistic details Remember, Flanders by the North Sea not Flanders by Springfield

Melancholia by Durer Edward VI by Holbein

Eve by Jan van Eyck Children’s Games by Bruegel

Northern Writers Try to Reform Society Northern Humanists – Criticize the Catholic Church, start Christian humanism – Want to reform society and promote education, particularly for women Christian Humanists – Desiderius Erasmus of Holland is best-known Christian humanist – His book, The Praise of Folly, pokes fun at merchants and priests – Thomas More of England creates a model society in his book Utopia Women’s Reforms – Christine de Pizan, one of the first women writers – She promotes education, equal treatment for boys and girls "Nor is human life in general anything but a kind of fool's game." (35)

The Elizabethan Age Queen Elizabeth I – Renaissance spreads to England in mid- 1500s – Period known as the Elizabethan Age, after Queen Elizabeth I – Elizabeth reigns from 1558 to 1603 William Shakespeare – Shakespeare is often regarded as the greatest playwright – Born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564 – Plays performed at London’s Globe Theater

Printing Spreads Renaissance Ideas Chinese Invention – Around 1045 Bi Sheng of China invents movable type – It uses a separate piece of type for each character Gutenberg Improves the Printing Process – Around 1440 Johann Gutenberg of Germany develops printing press – Printing press allows for quick, cheap book production – First book printed with movable type, Gutenberg Bible (1455)

The Legacy of the Renaissance Changes in the Arts – Art influenced by classical Greece and Rome – Realistic portrayals of individuals and nature – Art is both secular and religious – Writers use vernacular – Art praises individual achievement Changes in Society – Printing makes information widely available – Illiterate people benefit by having books read to them – Published accounts of maps and charts lead to more discoveries – Published legal proceedings make rights clearer to people – Political structures and religious practices are questioned

An Age of Explorations and Isolation, 1400–1800 Section 1: Europeans Explore the East

For “God, Glory, and Gold” Early Contact Limited – New desire for contact with Asia develops in Europe in early 1400s Europeans Seek New Trade Routes – Main reason for exploration is to gain wealth – Contact during Crusades spurs demand for Asian goods – Muslims and Italians control trade from East to West – Other European nations want to bypass these powers The Spread of Christianity – Desire to spread Christianity also spurs exploration – Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias wants to serve God and king Technology Makes Exploration Possible – In 1400s, the caravel makes it possible to sail against wind – Astrolabe makes navigation easier – Magnetic compass improves tracking of direction

Portugal Leads the Way The Portuguese Explore Africa – Prince Henry, the son of Portugal’s king, supports exploration – In 1419, he founds navigation school on coast of Portugal – By 1460, Portuguese have trading posts along west coast of Africa Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia – In 1488, Dias sails around southern tip of Africa – In 1498, Vasco da Gama sails to India – In 1499, da Gama returns to Portugal with valuable cargo

Spain Also Makes Claims A Rival Power – In 1492, Christopher Columbus sails for Spain – Convinces Spanish to support plan to reach Asia by sailing west – Reaches the Americas instead – Opens Americas to exploration and colonization – In 1493, pope divides these lands between Spain and Portugal – Agreement formalized by Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494

Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean Portugal’s Trading Empire – In 1509, Portugal defeats Muslims, takes over Indian Ocean trade – In 1510, Portugal captures Goa, port city in western India – In 1511, Portugal seizes Malacca, on Malay Peninsula – These gains break Muslim-Italian hold on Asian trade Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese – English and Dutch begin moving into Asia in 17th century – Dutch have more ships (20,000) than any other nation in 1600 – Dutch and English weaken Portuguese control of Asian trade – Dutch then overpower English – Form Dutch East India Company for Asian trade European Trade Outposts – In 1619, Dutch set up trade headquarters at Batavia, on Java – Throughout 1600s, Dutch trade grows – Amsterdam, Dutch capital, becomes wealthy city – Dutch also control southern tip of Africa – England’s East India Company gains strength in India – France also gains trade foothold in India