 Cannot be stored in body, needs to be replenished regularly  Promotes healthy cell development, normal tissue growth and repair, and helps in absorption of calcium.  Vitamin C is lost in foods easily, so it is best to eat fruits and vegetables in raw form  Scurvy -disease caused by lack of vitamin C  It’s an antioxidant, helps protect body against contaminants

 DCPIP(2,6 – dichlorophenol-indophenol) can be used as an indicator for ascorbic acid.  DCPIP turns clear when it is oxidized by the orange juice. When there is excess DCPIP, it no longer turns clear and dyes the sample purple.  1% DCPIP solution added to juice until color change occurred  The amount of DCPIP added was recorded  Taking into account the amount of vitamin C there should be in the juice based on daily value, the theoretical and actual values of Vitamin C were calculated

 Theoretical › Total volume of container › Amount of servings › 100% daily value › Volume of juice used  Experimental › 1% DCPIP solution › mL of DCPIP added, gives grams of DCPIP › 1:1 mol ratio

Theoretical: Theoretical grams of Vitamin C X Servings= grams vitamin C per bottle Fresh Squeezed Orange Juice: 0.124g X 2 servings=0.248g vitamin C per bottle Experimental: Total volume in bottle/volume added=theoretical grams vitamin C/grams vitamin C in sample Fresh Squeezed Orange Juice: 473mL/10.31mL=0.248g/x X=0.0055g

JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc. (10 mL) Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed (10 mL) Grapefruit Juice Conc. (25 mL) Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed (25 mL) JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc. (10 mL) Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed (10 mL) Grapefruit Juice Conc. (25 mL) Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed (25 mL)

 In all juices, there was almost double the theoretical amount of vitamin C  Reason? › Companies want to make sure that they have at least the amount of vitamin C in their juice that they claim › Too much is not a bad thing

 25mL of juice samples were titrated with an iodine solution until the endpoint was reached. A 1% starch indicator was used as the indicator  The amount of vitamin C was calculated and compared based on daily values for each juice

Fresh Squeezed Orange Juice Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 10.41mL10.27mL10.24mL Grams of vitamin C g0.0054g g Orange Juice from Concentrate Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 7.11mL7.19mL7.34mL Grams of vitamin C g g g

Fresh Squeezed Grapefruit Juice Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 7.14mL7.24mL7.33mL Grams of vitamin C g g g Grapefruit Juice from Concentrate Trial OneTrial TwoTrial Three Total mL iodine added 7.38mL7.11mL7.24mL Grams of vitamin C g g g

 Fresh squeezed orange juice has the highest Vitamin C concentration  Fresh squeezed juices have a higher vitamin C concentration than juice from concentrate

 3 samples of each juice were titrated with standardized NaOH  pH level were measured each addition of NaOH  Calibration curve were made  pH calculated for each juice › Used the curve to estimate equivalence point › Another way: change in volume vs. pH

Orange Juice (Conc.) Orange Juice (Fresh Squeezed) E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity Trial Trial Trial Average M M Grapefruit Juice (Conc.) Grapefruit Juice (Fresh Squeezed) E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity E.P. (mL) pH Total Acidity Trial Trial Trial Average M M

 Freshly squeezed juices had a higher pH than the juices from concentrate  Grapefruit juice more exaggerated relationship  Freshly squeezed juices are more acidic

 All experiments showed that freshly squeezed juices had more vitamin C  Two of three: orange juice had most

DCPIP JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc. (10 mL) Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed (10 mL) Grapefruit Juice Conc. (25 mL) Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed (25 mL) Iodine Titration JuiceAverage (mL) Vitamin C Theoretical (g) Vitamin C Actual (g) Orange Juice Conc Orange Juice Freshly Squeezed Grapefruit Juice Conc Grapefruit Juice Freshly Squeezed

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