Chuck Kitchen, MA, FAACVPR

OBSTRUCTIVE DISEASES  COPD-Chronic airway obstruction  Emphysema-Hyperinflation of the lungs, can’t get bad air out  Chronic Bronchitis-Chronic sputum production and coughing  Asthma-increased airway reactivity leading to narrowing of airways

 PR only covered for Moderate, Severe, Very Severe COPD  GOLD classification

 Chronic lower respiratory diseases ICD-10: J40-J47  Obstructive Lung Disease:  Persistent asthma: 493  Bronchitis: 491  Bronchiectasis: 494  COPD: 496  Cystic fibrosis:  Bronchiolitis obliterans:  Emphysema: 492 AACVPR, Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 4 th ed. 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

 Restrictive Lung Diseases:  Interstitial diseases: (J84.1-9) ▪ Idiopathic interstitial fibrosis: (J84.10-J ) ▪ Other interstitial pulmonary disease with fibrosis: J84.17 ▪ Occupational or environmental lung disease: (Z57.31) ▪ Sarcoidosis: (Lung involvement) (D86.0, 86.2)  Chest wall diseases: ▪ Kyphoscoliosis: (M41.8) ▪ Ankylosing spondylitis: (M ) AACVPR, Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 4 th ed. 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

 Restrictive Lung Diseases, Continued:  Neuromuscular diseases: ▪ Parkinson’s: 332 (G20) ▪ Postpolio syndrome: 138 (G14) ▪ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: (G12.21) ▪ Diaphragmatic dysfunction: (J98.6) ▪ Multiple sclerosis: 340 (G35) ▪ Post-tuberculosis syndrome: (A-15) AACVPR, Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 4 th ed. 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

 Obesity-related Respiratory Disorders:  Obesity hypoventilation syndrome:  Obstructive sleep apnea:  Other Lung Disorders:  Lung cancer: 162  Pulmonary hypertension: (  Post-lung transplant: V42.6 AACVPR, Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 4 th ed. 2010, Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics Publishers.

 Pulmonary Rehabilitation must be the ONLY service billed using G0424  Sessions limited to a maximum of two 1-hour sessions per day for up to 36 sessions  Contractors may approve up to an additional 36 sessions when medically necessary.  Providing access of up to 72 sessions of PR, when appropriate  Does not specify a duration by which sessions must be completed; allowing the maximum allowable number of 72 over a longer period of time 9 42.CFR

 G0424: Pulmonary rehabilitation, including exercise (includes monitoring), per hour, per session  Revenue Code: 0948  Session duration: ▪ One session = > 31 minutes ▪ Two sessions = > 91 minutes, with the first session = 60 minutes and second session = 31 minutes  Do NOT bill any other codes for the COPD patient 10

 Interstitial Lung Diseases  Environmental-asbestos, dust, coal, etc  Drugs or chemotherapy  Collagen diseases (scleroderma, lupus, etc)  Pulmonary fibrosis  Vascular Lung Diseases  Pulmonary Hypertension

 3-5 days per week  Walking (preferred) and cycle  min  RPE 5-6 (Moderate) Or 7-8 (Vigorous) for Mild COPD  RPE 3-5 for Moderate to Severe COPD  No upper extremity recommended  Does not use GOLD criteria  Strength Training-2-4 sets, 2-3 days/week

0Nothing at all 0.5Very, Very Light 1Very Light 2Fairly Light 3Moderate 4Somewhat Hard 5Hard 6 7Very Hard Very, Very Hard (Maximal)

 3-5 days per week  Walking, cycle, arm ergometry, warm-up and cool down  minutes per session  Intensity to achieve patient goals  Upper extremity exercise with lower extremity (arm ergometer)  Strength Training-Hand weights, free weights, machine weights

 3 days per week  Cycling or walking  > 3o min  RPE 4-6 or predetermined MET level  Arm ergometer, free weights, elastic bands  Strength training-2-4 sets 6-12 reps

 6 Min Walk Test-Widely used tool to determine exercise prescription  Determine initial exercise intensity

F.I.T.T PRINCIPLE  Frequency  Intensity  Time  Type

FREQUENCY  3 to 5 times per week

INTENSITY  4-6 Borg Dyspnea scale  RPE scale

INTENSITY DYSPNEA SCALE (Modified Borg) 0None5 Severe 0.5Very, Very slight6 1Very slight7 Very Severe 2Slight8 3Moderate9 Very, Very Severe 4Somewhat severe10 Maximum

6 7 very, very light 8 9 very light light somewhat hard hard very hard very, very hard 20 INTENSITY RPE SCALE

TIME  20 to 6o minutes  Can use interval training especially for beginners or low level patients  Total exercise time is most important

TYPE  Continuous Aerobic  High Intensity Interval Training not found to have same benefits as with Cardiac Population (CHF, etc)  Possibly due to Dyspnea  Low to moderate intensity interval training can be used  Resistance Training

 No data for “optimal” resistance training program  Important to help maintain muscle mass (muscle wasting)  1-3 sets  8-12 repetitions  2-3 days per week

 Exercise capacity often limited by dyspnea, not MET level or RPE, etc  SaO2 Monitoring  Supplemental O2 to maintain 88%-90%  Generally, cycle or other non weight bearing equipment has higher O2 sats  Consider continuous exercise on cycle, recumbent stepper, etc. Interval on TM

 Take bronchodilators prior to exercise

 Short term benefits from PR  Smaller improvements and shorter lasting  Typically more dyspnea than obstructive disease  Generally more reliant on supplemental O2

 Careful to maintain O2 sats above 88%-90%  Monitor BP and HR  Consider telemetry monitoring  Exercise Intensity should be light to moderate ONLY  Monitor for lightheadedness, chest pain, etc

 AACVPR and ACCP do not recognize IMT as part of Pulmonary Rehab  Devices used to impose resistance or load  Patients increase inspiratory muscle strength  Significant decreases in dyspnea  Increased walking distance  However, no increase in peak power  Increased quality of life measures

 Exercise Prescription is an Art!!  Every patient is different 31 EXERCISE PRESCRIPTION

 American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Guidelines for Cardiac Rehabilitation and Secondary Prevention Programs, 4 th ed. Champaign, IL; Human Kinetics,  Garvey C, Fullwood MD, Rigler J. Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise Prescription in Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease. JCRP 2013; 33:  Johnson-Warrington V, Harrison S, Mitchell K, et al. Exercise Capacity and Physical Activity in Patients With COPD and Healthy Subjects Classified as Medical Research Council Dyspnea Scale Grade 2. JCRP 2014; 34(2):

 Ryerson CJ, Cayou C, Toop F, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves long-term outcomes in interstitial lung disease: A prospective cohort study. Respir Med 2014; 108(1):  Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An Official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Statement: Key Concepts and Advances in Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188(8): e13-e64