Food Security in Southern African Cities: Conditions and Prospects Bruce Frayne

Outline The ‘invisible crisis’ Responses to urban food insecurity AFSUN 11 city urban food security baseline survey findings

Food Security - the ‘big issues’ 25,000 people die every day from hunger and related causes 3 billion people malnourished (poverty) 3 billion more people by % of agricultural land and ocean resources degraded Climate change is upon us Sources: FAO, IFPRI, UNFPA, UNEP

Why urban food security? human future is urban essential basic need (survival) cross-cutting multi-sectoral and multi-disciplinary population growth greatest in poorest regions locus of poverty shifting to urban areas health dependent on food security rural - urban interdependence and food system continuum current agro- industrial model unsustainable chronic illness greatest in cities

The Invisible Crisis World Food Summits in 1996 and 2002 (and MDG No. 1) made commitment to reducing no of undernourished people (800 million) by 50% by Mid-Term Review of Committee on World Food Security found “progress has been negligible.” 2009, following global food price hikes and world economic crisis, FAO estimates number exceeds 1 billion

2030 – Africa’s urban population exceeds the rural National growth rates: Urban = 3-5% p.a. Rural=0-2% p.a. Source: World Population Prospects: The 2009 Revision, SADC will be 77% urban by 2050

Urban Poverty +40% CountryUrban growth Rate (%) Urban Poverty (%) Botswana630 Lesotho446 Malawi654 Mozambique662 Namibia440 South Africa440 Swaziland666 Zambia452 Zimbabwe570 Source: World Population Prospects: The 2009 Revision, Mean UGR = 5% Mean UP = 51%

3. RESPONSES TO URBAN FOOD INSECURITY Global Responses …the world is urbanizing at a fast pace and it will not be long before a greater part of developing country populations is living in large cities. Therefore, urban food security and its related problems should also be placed high on the agenda in the years to come (FAO Executive Director, Jacques Diouf, 2006) The phenomenon of urbanization, which will be one of the strongest social forces in the coming years… One major challenge will be how to provide adequate quantities of nutritious and affordable food for more urban inhabitants, with less water, land and labour (FAO 25 th Regional Conference on Africa, Nairobi, 2008) There is an urgent need to collect evidence on, and monitor, the food and nutrition security situation of the urban poor, recognizing the complexity involved given the mobility of the urban poor within and across cities. ( Executive Boards of UNDP/UNFPA, UNICEF and WFP, 2009)

CANADA-AFRICA PARTNERSHIP RESPONSE AFRICAN FOOD SECURITY URBAN NETWORK (AFSUN) established in 2008 Initial funding from CIDA University Partners in Cooperation and Development (UPCD) Tier One Program Partnership between 6 Canadian universities, 11 African universities, major NGOs and municipal governance networks

Cape Town Durban Johannesburg Maseru Windhoek Maputo Lusaka Harare Bulawayo Blantyre Gaborone Manzini

CANADA QUEENS RYERSON CALGARY GUELPH UWO UW CIDA PARTNERSHIP BRANCH POLICY Municipal Development Partnership (MDPESA) South African Cities Network (SACN) COMMUNITY Care Southern Africa Food and Trees for Africa Idasa ABC Ulwazi SOUTH AFRICA – Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg UNIVERSITY OF CAPE TOWN (LEAD) WITS UNIVERSITY UNIVERSITY OF KWAZULU NATAL BOTSWANA – Gaborone UNIVERSITY OF BOTSWANA LESOTHO – Maseru NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LESOTHO MALAWI – Blantyre UNIVERSITY OF MALAWI MOZAMBIQUE – Maputo EDUARDO MONDLANE UNIVERSITY NAMIBIA – Windhoek UNIVERSITY OF NAMIBIA SWAZILAND – Manzini UNIVERSITY OF SWAZILAND ZAMBIA - Lusaka UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA ZIMBABWE - Harare UNIVERSITY OF ZIMBABWE TRAINING / RESEARCH

AFSUN Objectives GoalTo increase the capacity of SADC universities, municipal governments and community agents to enhance urban food security in major SADC cities PurposeTo create a dynamic regional partnership network to work collaboratively on enhancing urban food security in the SADC

Applied Research UFS Baseline Survey – 11 cities research projects on key themes demand/supply driven graduate research Capacity Building Program in Urban Food Security (PUFS) at UCT bursaries in-service short courses (professionals and community agents) Policy Support raising awareness build policy capacity policy engagement/UFS strategies strengthen inter- governmental & multi-stakeholder cooperation Community Intervention s inventory & needs assessment training workshops to evaluate program impacts/outcome community radio programs AFSUN Activity Streams

AFSUN Urban Food Security Baseline Survey cities, 9 SADC countries Pro-poor focus: target poor households in each city 6,500 households and 28,700 individuals Standardised survey questionnaire Internationally validated food security scales (FANTA)

Major Findings 1. Levels of Urban Household Food Insecurity

77% chronically food insecure

4 months without

Major Findings Food Sources for Urban Households

Reliance on informal/coping sources > food insecurity Household Sources of Food by Household Food Security Status (%)

Urban Agriculture Proportion Households Sourcing Food from Urban Agriculture

Food Transfers: Transfers > for food insecure households Food Transfers to Urban Households (% receiving)

Major Findings Impact of Food Prices on Urban Household Food Security

Food Prices: 78% ‘going without’

Looking to the future of food security in Africa Small-scale farming? Urban livelihoods?

Migration in sample (%)

Our urban future – food security will be resolved in the towns and cities of the world

Yet despite the evidence… The global paradigm still ignores food as an urban issue

12 thematic areas