Spanish, French, and English Colonization Unit 1, Lesson 2

Essential Idea Spain, France, and England settled different areas of North America and settled in different ways.

Hernan Cortes Spain’s “mission”- God, gold, and glory Conquistadors- name given to Spanish who conquered the natives in Mesoamerica Hernan Cortes: Marched to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, welcomed as a god

Cortes vs. Aztecs Seeking gold, Cortes attacked and killed many Aztecs Many other Aztecs died from smallpox brought by the Spaniards Land Spain conquered in North America became the colony of “New Spain” Cortes vs. Aztecs

Spain in American Southwest Negative Consequences: Spain explored what is now California, New Mexico, and Florida, converting some natives to Christianity Encomienda system- Indians converts were put under the “care” of Spaniards but treated as slaves Sometimes natives fought back violently

Spanish and Indian Cultures Mix Positive Consequences: However, the two cultures did mix some Natives converted to Christianity (Catholic) and many Spanish and natives intermarried Mestizos- people of mixed European and Indian heritage Indians started using Spanish horses, dramatically changing Indian culture Overall, Spain would get along better with natives than the English would

France 1. French explorers claimed what is now Canada and the middle of the United States (Mississippi Valley) 2. This land became the French colony of “New France” 3.There were not many French in America and they did not threaten the native population France in the New World: The French had vast but weak land holdings but usually got along with Indians, with whom they traded for furs

Spain and England at War Reason #1: Protestant Reformation In Europe, Protestant churches began to break from the Catholic Church

The English Protestant Reformation In England, King Henry VIII broke from the Catholic Church to create the Anglican Church Eventually, “Puritans” in England would want to reform the church more and would move to America England became Protestant and Spain remained Catholic Spain and England had a religious rivalry and wanted their churches to expand

Mercantilism Reason #2: Mercantilism Mercantilism- idea that a country’s power came from having gold and silver (wealth) Countries needed to sell more (exports) to other countries than they bought (imports), funneling money into a country Countries wanted to be self-sufficient and not have to import from other countries Countries formed colonies around the world to get resources needed to be self-sufficient

Mercantilism Since gold, silver, and land for colonies were limited, Spain and England competed England sought to form colonies in North America to compete with Spain

Fall of the Spanish Armada 1. Religious and economic rivalry led Spain and England to go to war in the 1580s. 2. Spain built a huge naval fleet known as the Spanish Armada 3. In 1588, England destroyed the Spanish Armada Consequences: Spain could no longer use its military to keep England from creating colonies the “New World” England began to colonize in America

“Push/Pull” Factors in Moving to America Three major factors led the English to colonize in America: 1. Rivalry with Spain- England saw Spain gaining wealth, land, and Catholic influence and wanted to compete 2. Religious- Puritans, Catholics, and Quakers left England to escape religious persecution from the Anglican Church 3. Economic- many people left England in search of economic opportunity

Early English Attempts to Settle Early attempts to colonize before the fall of the Spanish Armada failed Sir Walter Raleigh brought settlers to America twice, founding the colony of Virginia Both settlements failed, with the second colony mysteriously disappearing (the “Lost Colony”)

The Chesapeake Colonies Joint-stock company- like a modern day corporation, investors pooled their money together to pay for large projects Virginia Company- got permission from King James I to settle in Virginia In the charter (permission), members of the Virginia company were promised the rights of Englishmen Why important? The American Revolution happened partially because colonists felt the English government ignored their rights

Jamestown Jamestown- formed in 1607, Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in America First leader- Captain John Smith Early troubles- Many colonists focused on finding gold instead of hunting or growing food Why? To make money for the Virginia Company Powhatan Confederacy- Smith traded for food with these neighboring Indians to survive and had a good relationship

Why did the Jamestown colonists and the Powhatan Indians get along well at first?

Crisis Hits Jamestown Jamestown Growth- Over 400 settlers arrived within the next two years The “Starving Time”- Food production could not keep up with settlement Settlers stole food from the Powhatan natives, who responded by cutting off trade and attacking settlers Winter Food shortages led to eating dogs, rats, and human corpses

Jamestown Saved Money troubles- Virginia needed to make money to survive, but had not found gold John Rolfe- John Rolfe developed a breed of tobacco that became popular in England Tobacco became very profitable and saved Jamestown and the Virginia Company House of Burgesses- In 1619,Virginia created the House of Burgesses, the first representative government in America Labor shortages- Virginia needed labor to work the booming tobacco fields

Settlement and Labor Headright system- to encourage settlement, Virginia Company gave 50 acres of land for every servant a colonist brought Labor for Tobacco: Indentured servants- servants who agreed to work 4-7 years for someone in exchange for transportation to America Africans- in 1619, the first African slaves were brought to Virginia Indentured Servitude and Slavery Indentured Servitude and Slavery

Trouble with Native Americans War in Virginia- Threatened by the growing number of colonists, the Powhatan attacked Jamestown Overall, English colonies did NOT get along with Indians The English government blamed Virginia Company and took away its charter Royal colony- Virginia became a royal colony, meaning it was run by a governor appointed by the king

Maryland Settled Proprietary colony- a colony owned by an individual, not run by the English government Religion in England- Catholics in England were persecuted for not following the Anglican Church Maryland- Maryland (1632) was settled as a proprietary by Lord Baltimore to be a safe refuge for Catholics

Maryland Religion in Maryland- though Catholics were in charge, they were still outnumbered by Protestants Toleration Act in to keep tension down, this act allowed any kind of Christianity but outlawed other religions Tobacco- Maryland, like Virginia, started making money by growing tobacco