Warmup  Did the Crusades increase or decrease the power of the Catholic church in Europe by the end of the Middle Ages? * On the AP test, you may see this period referred to as the “Middle Ages”, or the “Medieval period”. TURN IN YOUR PRIMARY SOURCE QUESTIONS

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE WEST, An Era of Revolutions

Due Friday   2 Pages of notes OR  6 terms 1.Great Western Schism 2.Hundred Years War 3.Joan of Arc 4.New firearms 5.Reconquest of Iberia 6.Ferdinand and Isabella Remember: 1.What is it? 2.What is it similar to? 3.What caused it or what did it cause?

TWO RENAISSANCES  Italian Renaissance  Renaissance, or rebirth of art and learning,  Aristocrats, popes, nobles became wealthy patrons and vied to outdo one another  City-states sponsored innovations in art and architecture  Macaccio, Leonard) used linear perspective to show depth  Sculptors (Donatello and Michelangelo) created natural poses

Shakespeare and Humanism  Wrote poetry and plays  Art centered around human qualities, less about religion  Macbeth: Ambition  Hamlet: Existence  Julius Caesar: Pursuit of power  Othello: Jealousy

TWO RENAISSANCES  Renaissance architecture  Simple, elegant style, inherited from classical Greek and Roman  Magnificent domed cathedrals  Brunelleschi's cathedral of Florence  St. Peter’s in Rome

Renaissance Art and Architecture  Mannerism’s greatest representative: El Greco ( )  Romanesque architecture was revived in Renaissance building projects  Brunelleschi’s Church of San Lorenzo

TWO RENAISSANCES  Humanists or Man is the Measure of All Things  Drew inspiration from classical models especially Greece, Rome  Leading scholars included Dante, Petrarch  Scholars interested in humane letters  Literature, history, and moral philosophy  Called humanists  Recovered and translated many classical works  Attention to political and social issues and graces, too  Boccaccio’s Decameron  Castiglione’s The Courtier  Machiavelli’s The Prince

TWO RENAISSANCES  Northern Renaissance  Especially strong in France, England, Netherlands  Focus was more on science, math, and Christianity (language favored was Hebrew)  Strongly supported by the middle classes and minor nobles  Leading figures include Shakespeare, Durer, Erasmus, Protestant reformers

Warmup  What was the Renaissance?  Where did it start?  How was it different from the Ming and Qing dynasties in China?   Take out your notes over QUIZ TODAY! 1. 1.Great Western Schism 2. 2.Hundred Years War 3. 3.Joan of Arc 4. 4.New firearms 5. 5.Reconquest of Iberia 6. 6.Ferdinand and Isabella

Quiz  You will answer on your scan-tron  Don’t write on the quiz  You have 15 minutes

Windmill c. 1150

Printing Press 1444

Clock -Appeared in Europe c Invented in Song China Prague astronomical clock, built in 1410

Florence and City-States

 City-states were financial centers  Centers of banking  Catholic church said Christians couldn’t charge interest  Jews became bankers  Active in trade by Mediterranean Sea and other trade routes  Florence  Run by powerful family: the Medicis  Center of Renaissance art

The Protestant Reformation

Who is this man?

Saint Peter’s Basilica

PROTESTANT REFORMATION  Precursors to Reformation  Great Western Schism  2/3 popes at same time undermined authority of the church  Church councils rule/attempt to overrule  Catholic practices  Lavish lifestyle of church leaders  Indulgences

PROTESTANT REFORMATION  Martin Luther ( )  Attacked the sale of indulgences, 1517  Attacked corruption in Catholic Church; called for reform  Argument reproduced with printing presses and widely read  Enthusiastic response from lay Christians, princes, many cities  By mid-16 th century, half Germans adopted Lutheranism  Reform spread outside Germany  Protestant movements popular in Swiss cities, Netherlands  Scandinavian kings like movement as it removes Church as a rival  English Reformation sparked by King Henry VIII's desire for divorce  John Calvin, French convert to Protestantism  Organized model Protestant community in Geneva in the 1530s  Calvinist missionaries were successful in France

NEW RELIGIOUS MAP

CATHOLIC REFORMATION  Early Attempts to Reform  Catholic cardinals, bishops call council in early 15 th century  Council of Constance deposes rival popes  Attempts to assert authority over pope, initial reforms  Catholic intellectuals attack Church corruption  Emperor Sigismund attempts to reform church in Germany

Warmup  What was the Protestant Reformation?  What did Martin Luther do?  What was the response of the Catholic church?

Due Monday (and SuperQuiz ™ )  Pages  2 Pages OR  6 terms  Hapsburgs  Charles V  Henry VIII  Absolutism  Constitutionalism  Oliver Cromwell

Council of Trent  1545  Attempt by Catholic Church to respond to the Protestant Reformation  Outlawed sale of indulgences  Rejected predestination  Commissioned new art and architecture  Reaffirmed role of Pope and saints in Catholicism

CATHOLIC REFORMATION  The Society of Jesus (Jesuits)  Founded 1540 by Ignatius Loyola  High standards in education  Combat Protestants with logic, faith, hard work  Saved S. Germany, E. Europe from Protestants  Became confessors, advisories to kings  Worldwide missionaries

NEW RELIGIOUS MAP

RELIGIOUS CONFLICT  Religious wars  Between Protestants, Catholics during 16 TH century  Wars as much social, political as religious  Neither side is innocent of conflict  Civil war in France  Between Huguenots (French Calvinists), Catholic League  Monarchy often a pawn of both sides and nobles  Lasted thirty-six years ( )  Ended with new dynasty  Spanish Armada  War between Catholic Spain, Protestant England, 1588  Spill over from conflict in the Netherlands  Question of heir to English throne: Catholic Scottish Queen or Protestant Elizabeth  Protestant provinces of the Netherlands revolted against rule of Catholic Spain  Originally began as a revolt of all Netherlands against Spain  Eventually split country into Catholic south (Belgium) and Protestant north (Holland)  The Thirty Years' War ( )  The most destructive European war up to WWI  Began as a local conflict in Bohemia; eventually involved most of Europe  Devastated the Holy Roman Empire (German states): lost one-third population  Saw rise of Sweden as Great Power and eclipse of Spain, Hapsburgs as European great power  Saw independence of Holland, Switzerland from Holy Roman Empire  Ended with Germany neither holy, nor Roman nor an Empire  Scottish Presbyterians revolt  Expel Catholic Queen with England’s secret assistance  Raise her kidnapped son as Presbyterian

Make a Multi-Flow Map CausesEffects

Multi-Flow Map Due Tomorrow pages Protestant Reformation CausesEffects

NEW RELIGIOUS MAP

The DBQ and grouping  DBQ = Document Based Question  You will be given 7-10 documents  Will usually be passages  Can also be art, maps, or charts  You must  Analyze at least 2 for point of view  “Person X believes Y because Z”  Group them into two groups  Do other things we will discuss next 6 weeks