Name of Seminar Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram VIII Conference on Port Logistics and Transport The Ship – Technological Limits Prof.Dr.Ing. Volker Bertram Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Container shipping started in the 1950s Name of Seminar Container shipping started in the 1950s Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Rapid growth of ship size Name of Seminar Rapid growth of ship size first-generation ~1000 TEU Panamax ~4500 TEU Post-Panamax ~8000 TEU Megaboxer >12000 TEU since 1988 Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Several factors limit ship size Name of Seminar Several factors limit ship size Technical aspects: - limits for main dimensions - power - ... “Soft” aspects: - available cargo - logistics - intermediate storage - ... Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Logistics may pose stricter limits Name of Seminar Logistics may pose stricter limits Questions to discuss: - Do we have enough cargo to fill larger ships? - Is it more economical to serve different slings? - Do the economies of scale in transport outweigh the costs for dredging, crane infrastructure, etc? - Will the same turn-over time in port be feasible? - ... Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Building facilities ? Can we build bigger container ships? Name of Seminar Building facilities ? Can we build bigger container ships? Source: Hansa Germanischer Lloyd 2008

No problem million-ton docks exist... Name of Seminar Source: Mitsubishi H.I. Germanischer Lloyd 2008

How about locks ? Will they pass through the main shipping routes? Name of Seminar How about locks ? Will they pass through the main shipping routes? Source: Hansa Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Panama Canal as “bottleneck” New locks: lock ship length 427.0 m 365.76 m width 55.0 m 48.77 m depth 18.3 m 15.24 m “New Panamax”: 12000...13500 TEU

“New Panamax” up to 13.400 TEU Loa = 365.60 m < 365.76 m B = 48.60 m < 48.77 m T = 15.00 m < 15.24 m all present vessels in Korea have this design based on co-operative study of GL / HHI

No increase in draught – Limits reached Ship Size in TEU Draught

Offshore ports discussed in media

How about cranes ? Outreach ? Will we need new terminals? Name of Seminar How about cranes ? Outreach ? Will we need new terminals? Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Crane Outreach – Limits approached Name of Seminar Crane Outreach – Limits approached No new terminals, but width “limited” Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Container ships need a lot of power Name of Seminar Container ships need a lot of power Main engine of 8200 TEU container ship: Max. power: 68650 kW 12 cylinder, 160 t/cylinder Fuel consumption: 230 t/day at 25 kn Germanischer Lloyd 2008

New diesels for bigger ships Name of Seminar New diesels for bigger ships Single engine concept so far maintained JIT growth of diesel engines Germanischer Lloyd 2008

So far just more cylinders added Name of Seminar So far just more cylinders added Single Propeller / 2 Stroke Engine 12 Cylinder P = 68.500 kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2150 t L = 24,6 m 14 Cylinder P = 80.000 kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2400 t L = 28 m 16 Cylinder P = 92.000 kW n = 104 min-1 m = 2650 t L = 31,5 m Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Limits reached for propeller loading Name of Seminar Limits reached for propeller loading Rudder cavitation as consequence of high propeller loading Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Global strength – No problem Name of Seminar Global strength – No problem Global strength analyses performed by GL Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Slamming loads & whipping – No problem Name of Seminar Slamming loads & whipping – No problem Dynamic analyses performed by GL Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Steel thickness no limiting factor Name of Seminar Steel thickness no limiting factor Welding technology has progressed Ultra-high tensile steels under development 78 mm Germanischer Lloyd 2008

How about stacking containers?

Limits reached in practice ISO standard and GL rules limit stacking More tiers only for lower weight of containers a. 32 t per 40‘ container for 10 tier b. 29 t per 40‘ container for 11 tier c. 26 t per 40‘ container for 12 tier

Larger dynamic forces on deck

Stacking limits reasonable height Name of Seminar Stacking limits reasonable height ~ 7.0 m 34.30 m 3.4 m 67 m from keel to funnel 32.46 m 8 tiers = 23.168m The air draught is not a design paramter for the shipyard. It is a request from the owner Air draught up to 56.0 m Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Name of Seminar Historical development Limiting factors Main dimensions Size and power Other aspects Conclusion Germanischer Lloyd 2008

Larger ships technically feasible Conclusion Growth of container ships not yet finished Strength of containers limits height “Maximum” draught reached Global strength can be handled by advanced engineering Twin-engine, twin-screw ships can push power limit Larger ships technically feasible

Thank you for your attention Name of Seminar ? The End ? Thank you for your attention Germanischer Lloyd 2008