 Tourist ◦ Person/people who visit a location for more than 24 hours, but less than one year  Tourism ◦ People that travel away from home and have some fun  Travel ◦ Refers to movement from one place to another

 Mass Tourism: Involves a large number of tourists to a limited number of destinations; have a large impact on the culture and natural environments  Sustainable Tourism: Tourism which has a lower impact on the cultural and natural environment; often referred to as eco- tourism; sustainable tourists often learn some of the local language, purchase goods from small shops, and stay in guest houses/camps  Adventure Tourism: Associated with a type of physical challenge and adventure like rock climbing or hiking through a rainforest  Cultural Tourism: Involves learning about a country’s culture and history by visiting museums, cultural heritage sites, local sites, and other significant cultural features

 Sports Tourism: Travelling somewhere specific to partake in sports activities  Recreation Tourism: Heading to a quiet spot to spend time on the beach or in a park  Health Tourism: Going away to a spa or resort to rejuvenate oneself  Religious Tourism: Travelling to religious sites, such as Vatican City  Nature Tourism: Travelling to a more pristine location to study the flora/fauna of the region

 Wilderness Tourism: Travelling to wilderness areas to experience something quite different  Business Tourism: Travel to go to a conference, network, or complete a business transaction  Family/Social Tourism: Revolves around travelling with or to visit family in another location

 Adventure  Speciality Travel  Recreation Travel  Family/Social  Environment  Business Travel  Cultural

 Fear  Climate  Health  Money  Lack of Motivation  Holidays  Life Stage

 Process: Pre-trip, during-trip, post-trip  Things to Consider ◦ Budget ◦ Mode of Transportation ◦ Accommodations ◦ Trip location and timeline ◦ Contact with friends/family ◦ Travel insurance ◦ Travel visa and/or passport ◦ Economic and political situation of destination

 Political Factors: ◦ Whether a country has a stable and/or democratic government can influence the amount of travel that occurs to it and within it ◦ For example, China has recently relaxed its tourist restrictions and opened up its economy to foreign tourism and development (2008 Olympic Games)  Economic Factors: ◦ The economic condition of a country will impact the level of tourism and how much money local inhabitants will be willing to spend outside of the country

 Cultural Factors: ◦ Some countries have a cultural draw to them ◦ African and European countries have long histories ◦ Cultural artifacts and sites to visit  Technological Factors: ◦ Accessibility to cities and sites ◦ Well developed infrastructure ◦ Travel by air, train, car, bus, and subway ◦ Stay in touch with family and friends – internet, phone

 Homogeneous Region ◦ Defined by a common characteristic or set of characteristics throughout the whole area  Functional Region ◦ Area defined by a specific function of activity  Physical Characteristics ◦ Global location, physical environment  Human Characteristics ◦ Culture, economy, political identity, demographics, urbanization

 Direct-route travellers: follow the most direct routes to and from their destinations  Fly-drive travellers: when the tourist rents a car at the destination in order to visit local sites  Partial-orbit travellers: head directly towards their destination, but visit a variety of other attractions along the way  Full-orbit travellers: usually travel through a whole region, regarding most of the places they stay as multiple destinations

 Exploration  Involvement  Development  Consolidation  Stagnation

 The impact of tourists’ values and customs on local people  Commodification ◦ Sell the experience to tourists ◦ Cultural attraction lose their authenticity  Standardization ◦ Making the tourist feel more comfortable in their surroundings  Transculturation ◦ Influenced by and want to copy the behaviour and lifestyle of the tourists

 Conservation Programs ◦ Preserve cultural and environmental sites  Landscapes, historic places, natural sites, built environments, and collections  Restoration Programs ◦ Attempts are made to preserve the sites for future generations  Sistine Chapel, Machu Picchu, Vimy Ridge Memorial

 Travelling to undisturbed areas and enjoying the scenery and its wild plants and animals  Believe in the preservation of wilderness and wildlife  Responsibilities of the Traveller ◦ Stick to established trails, do not take anything as a souvenir, avoid disturbing wildlife, never leave garbage at the site, learn about local culture, be sensitive to the values of local people, to not buy souvenirs made from animal or plant species, make sure to take health precautions

 One of the world’s natural wonders  White sandy beaches, rainforest islands, and clear blue, green, and turquoise waters  Swimming, snorkelling, surging, scuba diving, sailing, and bird watching  Contributes $1 billion AUS ($837 million CDN) to the Australian economy

 Why tourism is increasing ◦ The development and use of high-speed catamarans has reduced mainland-to-reef travel time ◦ User-friendly technology has made snorkelling, scuba diving, and glass-bottom boat viewing more appealing to a broader range of visitors

 Environmental Impact ◦ When divers stand and walk on reefs, the coral can be killed ◦ Flippers and tank straps scrape the coral and make it vulnerable to disease ◦ Boats drop anchor in reefs, and can split the coral ◦ Tourists remove coral for souvenirs ◦ Boat fuel and sewage create pollution

 Unit 1: Understanding Tourism ◦ The Caribbean  Unit 2: Tourism and the Economy ◦ United States - New York City ◦ Japan - Tokyo ◦ Canada  Unit 3: Tourism and Culture ◦ Europe – rail travel in the European Union ◦ Czech Republic (Prague), Rome, Paris, Amsterdam  Unit 4: Tourism and the Environment ◦ Africa – Kenya, the Savannah ◦ Brazil - Brasilia ◦ Australia ◦ Antarctica