Introduction to Aquaculture

Why Aquaculture? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Oi9GARr-Xc

What is Aquaculture? The art, science and business of cultivating plants and animals in water

What is Aquaculture? Come up with a definition for aquaculture

Homework 2. Define the following: 1. SIGN SYLLABUS (you and a parent) Agriculture Aquaculture Brackish water Coldwater Culture Freshwater Mariculture Salinity Warmwater

Before we get started… Make sure your homework is finished

Ask yourself…. How are farming and aquaculture similar? How are they different?

Comparing Farming and Aquaculture Fill in the table: Farming Aquaculture

Comparing Farming and Aquaculture

Environments Warmwater aquaculture Coldwater aquaculture Mariculture or marine culture

Warmwater Aquaculture Commercial raising of stock that thrives in warm, often turbid (cloudy or opaque) freshwater with temperatures exceeding 70 degrees Fahrenheit Species: catfish, crayfish (crawfish), baitfish, and many other sport fish

Coldwater Aquaculture Commercial production of stock that thrives in cool, clear freshwater with temperatures between 50 and 65 degrees Fahrenheit Species: trout and salmon

Mariculture Crop thrives in saltwater of various temperatures Species: shrimp, oysters, and seaweed cultures Salinity- saltwater: 30-35 ppt Salinity- brackish water is 1-10 ppt ppt= parts per thousand

Fisheries Fisheries differ from aquaculture Fisheries involve hunting and general public access to the crop (fish) to be hunted Aquaculture enhances fisheries by providing fish to restock streams, lakes and oceans Making sport fishing more enjoyable and stable Helps ensure the economic success of commercial fisheries

Homework Wordsearch: Broodstock Eggs Fingerlings Grow-out Harvesting Hatchery Incubate Larvae Monoculture Polyculture Processing Seed Spawn

History of Aquaculture

History Aquaculture probably evolved through a combination of human observation and serendipity in several areas of the world at different times

Evolving May have developed from trapping and holding for freshness then refined to ensure a more constant supply

Evolving Cage culture developed when fishers realized that their surplus catch could be held in baskets in the water Pond culture likely developed when some fishers observed fish trapped in pools of water formed by a flood Some aquaculture likely developed in conjunction with farming and irrigation since irrigation provided structures and a source of water

History of Aquaculture Around the World

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Homework Find five (5) pictures of aquatic organisms (plants or animals) that can be grown and harvested in the United States. Identify what they are and where they live.

History of Aquaculture in the United States

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Phases Catfish industry developed through three phrases 1st Phase (Pioneering Phase) 2nd Phase 3rd Phase

First Phase Relatively high production costs that resulted from low yields and inefficiency High processing costs resulted from a chronic underuse of processing capacity Markets were fragmented Low product acceptance outside the principal market areas and lack of an effective marketing strategy combined to limit expansion

Second Phase 1971-1976, production improved and unit costs declined Average annual yields increased from 1500-2000lbs per acre to 3000-4000 or more pounds per acre Became less seasonal Total demand of catfish rose Marketing strategy improved Mississippi emerged as the leader in catfish production, processing and related activities

Third Phase 1977-1982, productivity continued to improve Acreage increased and production costs declined Processed fish market became the major sales outlet Sophisticated marketing approach allowed single companies involved in culture, processing and marketing Processors needed to handle a constant volume of fish throughout the year

Shakeout Period 1973-1975 Many farmers constructed ponds and started producing fish without considering management expertise and identifiable, dependable markets Local oversupply was critical when high feed prices reduced profit margins

2008 Catfish industry faced major obstacles like: Sky-high feed prices Declining acreage Fierce competition from imported fish Led to reduction in the number of producers and number of acres of catfish ponds

Idaho Rainbow trout introduced in 1900s 1906-1947, Idaho built 14 hatcheries Produced mainly rainbow trout to maintain productive fishing

Warren Meader First commercial trout farm began in 1909 at Devil’s Corral Spring 1914, Warren Meader started brood-stock production 1940, Meader was supplying up to 60 million eggs to public and private hatcheries around the US

Trout in Idaho 1928, Jack Tingey and his wife, started first commercial hatchery near Buhl, Idaho Late 1940s, trout industry began to grow 1960s-1980s, trout production rapidly increased Today: World’s largest trout production facility is Clear Springs Food Company in Buhl, Idaho

History Project Your task: Create a poster that shows at least 7 accurate facts about the history of aquaculture. You will e-mail it to me when you are done. (kroeplienr@granton.k12.wi.us)

Oysters, Crawfish, Clams and Shrimp

Oysters A.D. 43, Roman settlers in England harvested oysters along seacoasts In winter, they packed the oysters in cloth bags and sent them to Rome Eventually, learned to farm oysters in the water off the Italian coast When Europeans first came to N. America, they found Indian tribes along the coast who depended upon oysters as part of their diet 1894, the harvest of Chesapeake Bay oysters peaked at 15 million bushels and then began to decline

Crawfish (Crayfish) Culture of crawfish developed as a simulation of the creatures’ natural life cycle in ponds Now, some cultures are tied to agricultural practices such as rice fields in the south

Clams Shortages and increasing prices for clams are creating more interest in aquaculture Methods of spawning and growing hard clam larvae were described as early as 1927 and patented in 1929 Interest in culturing clams remained low until early 1950s 1st commercial aquaculture operation began in 1957 in Atlantic, Virginia By 1970, new technology and new materials contributed to new methods for raising hard clams

Shrimp Widely cultured in Asia Cultured accidently in brackish water ponds Culturing alone or monoculture is a fairly recent occurrence in the US and Asia

Homework You will be given 1 of 5 activities/functions to produce an aquaculture product Research the activity/function Explain what it is and how it relates to aquaculture

Aquaculture Activities

Aquaculture Activities The functions or activities performed to produce the product Identified in groups often becoming separate industries In aquaculture, there are five main activities: 1. Hatchery 2. Grow-out 3. Harvesting 4. Marketing 5. Processing

Teaching Activity Step 1: Find the others that have the same function/activity as you. Step 2: Compare notes Step 3: In new groups learn about all five functions/activities Step 4: Be prepared to discuss as a class

Grow-out Facilities that produce crops (fish) from the seed Intensive or extensive production systems Intensive: involve a very dense population of fish in relatively small spaces and require careful management Extensive: involve lower populations and less stringent management May be land-based (ponds, tanks and runways) or water based (pens, cages or ranching)

Harvesting Involves the gathering or capturing of fish for marketing and processing Aquaculture harvesting is typically topping or total harvesting

Marketing Connects producers with consumers Purpose is to provide a consumer with desired products and to provide the producer with a price to cover production and make a profit Five markets, depending on the reason for production are associated with fish: 1. food for human consumption 2. bait for sport fishing 3. pets or ornamentals for home or office aquaria 4. sport fish for release into lakes and streams 5. fish for feed ingredients

Processing Changes the form of the product into something more desirable to consumers Occurs in three forms: minimal, medium, and value-added We will cover the activities and functions of aquaculture in further detail later

Future of Aquaculture

Future The National Aquaculture Act of 1980 established aquaculture as a national priority Consolidated federal support for aquaculture and the development of national planning for policy and cooperation by federal and state governments The act was to support aquaculture as an industry that makes major contributions to the nation The National Aquaculture Development Plan in 1996 continues to emphasize aquaculture in the US US Joint Subcommittee on Aquaculture (JSA) promotes a strategic plan that will take aquaculture into the future

FAO Statistics Estimates: World aquacultural production represents about 50% of the world aquatic food production by fisheries For food fish, 50% of total world supply is derived from aquaculture Worldwide, aquacultural production in the 43 countires that have such industries produces more than 110 million tons of fish and fish products World aquatic plant production by aquaculture was 15.1 million tons in 2006

Technological Breakthroughs Increased the potential of aquaculture in the US Development of net/pen culture and ocean ranching in the Pacific Northwest Establishment of abalone culture in California Introduction of Malaysian prawn culture to Hawaii and South Carolina Improvement of raft culture of blue mussels and oysters in New England Development of oyster hatcheries in the Pacific Northwest and the Atlantic States Establishment of marine shrimp farms in Central America by US firms

Homework Chapter review Be prepared for a short quiz at the beginning of next week