Because of its elevation (4,392 m), relief, hydrothermal alteration, ice cap, glacier-fed radial valleys, and proximity to suburbs of the Seattle-Tacoma area, Mount Rainier is the most threatening volcano in the Cascades. Its next eruption could produce volcanic ash, lava flows, and avalanches of intensely hot rock and volcanic gases, called pyroclastic flows. Some of these events swiftly melt snow and ice and could produce torrents of meltwater that erode loose rock and become rapidly flowing slurries of mud and boulders known as lahars, which is the greatest risk at the volcano, rather than from an eruption itself. "We call it low probability, high consequence," says Steven Bailey, Pierce County, Washington's director of emergency management. "It's a low probability it's going to occur in our lifetime. But if and when it does, the consequences are going to be huge.“ nments/plate_tectonics/igcse_volcanoes_manage.htm Above left, modified from: USGS Fact Sheet ; Map above right from Lockhart et al., 1996http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/images/image_mngr/ /img350.jpg Locations of monitoring stations on the volcano Living on the Edge: Unit 5: Convergent Plate Boundaries

A LERT L EVEL D ESCRIPTION NORMAL Volcano is in typical background, non-eruptive state or, if changing from a higher level: The activity has ceased and volcano has returned to non-eruptive background state. A DVISORY Volcano is exhibiting signs of elevated unrest above known background level; or, if changing from a higher level: Volcanic activity has decreased significantly but continues to be closely monitored for possible renewed increase. W ATCH Volcano is exhibiting heightened or escalating unrest with increased potential of eruption, timeframe uncertain; or eruption is underway but poses limited hazards. W ARNING Hazardous eruption is imminent, underway, or suspected. Living on the Edge: Unit 5: Convergent Plate Boundaries The USGS has established an alert level system to communicate the likelihood of increasing or decreasing volcanic activity. Keep these alert levels in mind as you look through the geologic activity data attached. Note: Data included in the following handouts are from the USGS. References for specific figures and information can be obtained from your instructor.

SEISMIC DATA SET 1: THROUGH JUNE 8

SEISMIC DATA SET 1 (through June 8) SEISMOLOGY: EARTHQUAKES Examples of seismic event types: A. VT = Volcano-Tectonic earthquake (associated with deep earthquakes indicating stress changes in solid rock due to injection or withdrawal of magma) and LP = Long-Period (associated with shallow injection of magma into surrounding rock) often associated with shallow magma movement, suggesting imminent eruption. B. Tremor-like episode of closely-spaced long- period events; C. Harmonic tremor (long-lasting, continuous release of seismic energy typically associated with shallow, underground movement of magma; harmonic tremor contrasts distinctly with the sudden release of seismic energy associated with slippage along a fault. D. Seismic signal from explosive eruption at station CAB (see map of stations in this data set). Time marks represent 1-min interval. Seismograms of May 15 recorded at stations UBO and PIE (Z). Time marks in seconds are shown. Figures from: Harlow et al., 1996

Seismogram of station UBO (note: this signal fades to the background 2 h after the segment shown). Time marks are 60 sec apart. Seismogram from May 21. Time marks are 60 sec apart. Seismogram from station PIE recorded May 21. Time runs from top to bottom, left to right. Time marks are 60 sec apart. Date and time shown are local. SEISMIC DATA SET 1 (through June 8) Figures from: Harlow et al., 1996 SEISMOLOGY: EARTHQUAKES

SEISMIC DATA SET 1 (through June 8) MAP VIEW MAP VIEW CROSS SECTION A side view of earthquake locations under the volcano (note location of line A-A’ on map above) May 6- 31June 1-7 CROSS SECTION A side view of earthquake locations under the volcano (note location of line A-A’ on map above) Figures from: Harlow et al., 1996 SEISMOLOGY: EARTHQUAKES

RSAM values (averages of 4-hour intervals) from May 10-June 8 at the PIE station. Number of seismic events per 4-hour intervals between June 1 and June 8 from (A) the entire volcano network, (B) the cluster of seismic activity 5 km northwest of the summit, and from (C) beneath the summit. RSAM data: recall that RSAM (Real-time seismic amplitude measurement) represents an average of absolute seismic amplitudes for seismic stations. RSAM does not discriminate between types of earthquakes, but all seismic signals are averaged and recorded. SEISMIC DATA SET 1 (through June 8) EXTENDED CAPTION: Plot of (A) the SO 2 volumes from May 10-June 12; estimated from COSPEC measurements and (B) 4-hour average RSAM values from May 10-June 12. Figures from: Harlow et al., 1996 SEISMOLOGY: EARTHQUAKES