Articulating long-term monitoring at Icelandic volcanoes: Links between FUTUREVOLC and EPOS Kristín S. Vogfjörd, Freysteinn Sigmundsson, Benedikt G. Ófeigsson, Christopher Bean, Magnus T. Gudmundsson, Evgenia Ilyinskaya and the FUTUREVOLC team Supersites Coordination Workshop, Brussels, Belgium, June 2013

 Location on Mid-Atlantic Rift  Horizontal velocity 1,9 cm/year w.r.t. North America  Rifting in the volcanic zones  30 active volcanic systems Tectonic Processes in Iceland [Árnadóttir et al., 2008]

grf Seismic monitoring vot

GPS monitoring

lat,lon<0.5 km depth<1 km Seismicity in Vatnajökull ice cap – relative locations

Eyjafjallajökull and Katla Seismicity in caldera is predominantly shallow Deep events lat,lon<0.5 km depth<1 km

Number of events , Jan – July Year Depth

Volcanic Risk Assessment and Volcano Catalogue for Iceland  Volcanic risk assessment funded by Icelandic government  eruptive activity and potential hazards  risk assessment of floods triggered by volcanic eruptions  Initial risk assessment of explosive eruptions in Iceland  focus on urban areas and international airports in Iceland  An open-access volcano catalogue of Icelandic volcanoes, published on the web – funded by ICAO  User-friendly, designed for both the public and specialists  Contains both quick-access overviews and in-detail information

Monitoring Meteorological Hazard in the North Atlantic Oceanic Area  Icelandic Meteorological Office is repsonsible for monitoring meteorological hazard in the North-Atlantic Oceanic area Issues warnings to other Met offices and to the London Volcanic Ash Acvisory Centre (VAAC)  ICAO State Volcano observatory

Aviation Colour Code Status Map for Icelandic Volcanoes GREY: Volcano appears quiet but is not monitored adequately. Absence of unrest unconfirmed. GREEN: Volcano is in typical background, non-eruptive state. YELLOW: Volcano is exhibiting signs of elevated unrest above known background level. ORANGE: Volcano is exhibiting heightened or escalating unrest with increased potential of eruption. RED: Eruption is imminent or in progress - significant emission of ash into the atmosphere likely. Aviation colour codes used by the Icelandic Meteorological Office

Active Icelandic Volcanoes and Hazards - Volcano catalogue

Monitoring Sensitivity of Networks Number of stations within distance Seismic: GPS:

Volcano Catalogue Katla desription and cenario examples: [G. Larsen et al.)

Seismic activity at volcanoes in Vatnajökull Gjálp 1996 Grímsvötn 1998 Grímsvötn 2004 Grímsvötn

Activity at Hekla

Seismic Activity : Eyjafjallajökull Katla Median

FUTUREVOLC Icelandic volcano supersite Significant build-up of new infrastructure After FUTUREVOLC Seismic arrays Glacier seismometers (SME) GPS stations Gas monitors Chemical monitoring in rivers Mobile radio sond station Ash monitors (SME) Infrasound arrays Electric field sensors Mobile ash laboratory Cameras (IR og optical) Satellite data Present monitoring infrastructure: Present RI’s at IMO and IES Seismic stations GPS stations Strain stations Hydrological gagues Weather radars Meteorological stations Ash particle counters Monitoring of ice cauldrons

One of the objectives: eruption early warning Monitoring systems moved closer to the volcanoes, and into the glaciers Glacier seismometers developed by Guralp - installed in the ice Extending network operations into the glaciers To enable eruption early warning, real-time processing of multiparameter data will be developed To decrease the number of false alarms, real-time processes to discriminate between seismic tremor due to volcanic eruptions and subglacial floods

Monitoring Sensitivity of Networks after FUTUREVOLC Number of stations within distance Seismic: GPS: Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn Öræfajökull Bárðarbunga-Veiðvötn Öræfajökull Hekla-Vatnafjöll

Icelandic Infrastructures in EPOS  Includes the multidisciplinary infrastructure of the Volcano Observatory

The Icelandic Supersite a Volcanological Data Node in EPOS The volcanological data node A central and sustainable part of FUTUREVOLC is the establishment of a research-quality data center at the volcano observatory. Once established, this data center can serve as a volcanological data node within EPOS, making multi-disciplinary data accessible to scientists and stakeholders, and enabling the generation of products and services useful for civil protection, societal infrastructure and international aviation.