Actions speak louder than words.

3rd Grade Core Knowledge Visual Art Component Light, Space in Artworks, Design: How the Elements of Art work Together, American Indian Art, Art of Ancient Rome and Byzantine Civilization

Visual Art as a Core Knowledge Subject Light Space in Artworks Design: How the Elements of Art Work Together American Indian Art Art of Ancient Rome and Byzantine Civilizations

-E.D. Hirsh Jr. from What a Fifth Grader Needs to Know Parents and teachers can build on the treatment offered here (in the core curriculum) by exposing children to additional art books and pictures taking them to art museums showing them buildings with interesting architectural features. Although books are delightful and informative, there is no substitute for the experience of seeing works of art in person. -E.D. Hirsh Jr. from What a Fifth Grader Needs to Know

Media Cast New videos that will help 3rd Grade this year include but are not limited to: Henri Matisse Patterns and Paper

School Wide Art Show 2008-2009 The winners of the individual school art shows will be framed and displayed downtown at the Center for the Arts May 2.

Think Outside the Box Stay in the Circle

Sit Up Lean Forward Activate Your Mind Nod Your Head Track your Teacher.

Safety First

“Always come to school in clothes you are ready to learn in. ” - Mrs “Always come to school in clothes you are ready to learn in.” - Mrs. Cliburn 2nd Grade Teacher

The law of the echo.

“Children should experience art not only as a spectators but also as creators. They should have frequent opportunities to draw, paint, cut, paste, mold with clay and take photographs. They can imitate styles and artists they encountered and eventually, develop a style of their own.” - E.D. Hirsh Jr. from What a Fifth Grader Needs to Know

Portfolio Fold in half Write your name, grade level & school in big block letters with the big markers Fill the Space – Be Creative

My Portfolio

My 3rd Grade Student Portfolio

Quarter 1

Light and Shadow

Caught in the Light Think about waking up on a bright sunny day. As the sunlight pours through the windows of your room, it makes Every detail stand out Every color seem brighter You feel bright and alive inside You feel ready to face the day Now think about waking up a dark and cloudy morning. Your room looks Gray Blurred You wish you could pull the covers over your head and go back to bed

Caught in the Light Light can affect the way you feel. Light can Lift your spirits Make you feel happy With-out light, you can Feel sad Dreary The way that artists use light in their paintings can affect your emotions.

Jan Vermeer This painting is called “The Milkmaid” by the Dutch artist Jan Vermeer. Vermeer has made this milkmaid’s kitchen Feel warm Bright Pleasant to be in Sunlight Pours through the window Brightens the woman Brightens all the objects in the room Makes the metal lantern shine Highlights the rim of the pitcher “The Milkmaid” – Jan Vermeer

The Milkmaid There is no real sunlight in this painting. Vermeer has made you think that there is By carefully studying how different surfaces reflect light By painting what you would expect to see in a sunny room The light seems to reflect off shiny objects like The white wall The wood of the foot warmer The floor

The Milkmaid He also made sure that some things in the painting were quite dark. The sharp contrast between dark and light makes the bright things look even brighter.

The Milkmaid Look at the way Vermeer has used color. He knew that the colors we see depend on how much light is falling on them. Vermeer makes us think that sunlight is coming in through the window by making The white of the milkmaid’s hat The yellow of her dress The blush of her apron brightest on the side closest to the window.

The Milkmaid Because the light does not reach them, the darker areas are The back of her skirt The bottom of her apron Compare the bright wall behind the milkmaid to the dark wall under the window.

James Capin Now let’s look at the way another artist uses light. This painting is called “Ruby Green Singing” by the American artist James Capin. This painting is the full of light. Unlike Vermeer, Chapin decided not to show the source of the light. In “Ruby Green Singing”, where do you think the light is coming from? Is it sunlight? “Ruby Green Singing” - James Chapin

Ruby Green Singing How are the dark and light colors in this painting different from the dark and light colors in “The Milkmaid”? Like the milkmaid in Vermeer’s painting Ruby Green is the only person in this painting. Her upturned face is framed by her dark hair like the white hat frames the milkmaid’s face. The shadows are beneath her chin.

Ruby Green Singing Look at the flashes of light in Ruby Green’s eyes and on her teeth. What does the title tells us about Ruby Green? What kind of songs do you think she is singing? Why?

Out of the Shadows Have you ever been surprised by a flash of lightning in a dark, stormy sky? The man standing in the center of the next painting looks as though the same thing has just happened to him! “Belshazzar’s Feast” was painted by the Dutch artist Rembrandt van Rijn. “Belshazzar’s Feast” - Rembrandt

Out of the Shadows The painting tells a story from the Bible. While King Belshazzar was giving a great feast a hand Suddenly appeared Wrote a message on the wall Predicting that the king would be overthrown Belshazzar Could not read the message Was astonished by that hand This painting makes you see how he was surprised.

Rembrandt was a master at showing sharp differences between light and shadows. You can clearly see The profile of King Belshazzar All the details of Belshazzar’s robe You have to strain to see The spaces in the dark shadows The clothes on the bearded man behind Belshazzar Rembrandt has used the contrast between dark and light to make the scene look more exciting. Rembrandt van Rijn

Reflections of Light Rembrandt applied dabs of white paint to indicate reflections from the light. There are glints of light on The metal surfaces The silky fabrics The sparkling jewels Can you find other highlighted items in the painting? Pearls The crown The plate of grapes

Facial Expressions Rembrandt experimented with light to see how it affected people’s facial expressions. “Man with Helmet” - Rembrandt

Facial Expressions Stand in front of a mirror in a well-lit room. Try moving your Eyes Eyebrows Mouth Show several different expressions Fear Anger Surprise. Now darken the room, then shine a flashlight on your face From the side Above Below. Do your expressions look different?

“Practice what you know, it will help make clear what now you do not know.” – Rembrandt van Rijn

Quarter 2

Native American Art

Over and Under with Wool and Thread Here is an image of a beautiful rug that was woven by hand by Navajo people. It is called as Ganado rug, named for a place in Arizona. Ganado rugs have A red background A dark border around a design of diamonds in Black White Gray

Over and Under with Wool and Thread We don’t know many of the names of the women who have woven these rugs. She probably Raised sheep Sheared the sheep Washed the wool Combed the wool Spun it into thread Gathered plants to make dyes Dyed the threads she used for weaving

The Loom & The Weaver A rug like this is woven on a loom. A loom is a large wooden frame that holds lots of threads strung up and down in the same direction.

The Loom & The Weaver The weaver Laces more threads in and out of the threads on the loom Pulls the threads tight to make a piece of cloth Makes sure that the threads stay tight by pressing them down and with a wide-toothed comb Thinks about the design that she is making Chooses the color of her next thread with that design in mind Just like a painting, this work of art has strong lines and colors that are important in its design.

Symmetrical Design You can divide this rug in half two ways: Down Across The pattern is symmetrical either way. The weaver had to match the pattern From side to side From top to bottom She kept track of everything in her head – there were no written instruction for her to follow.

Woven Materials are Everywhere Have you ever woven anything? Maybe you have made a paper place mat by weaving strips of colored paper. Maybe you have made a pot holder by waving colored loops on a frame. Many pieces of cloth are made by weaving. If you look very hard at the clothes you are wearing, you might be able to see the threads that were woven together to make them.

A Painting Made Without Brushes or Paint Have you ever played with sand on the beach? Poking your finger in it to draw Letting handfuls of sand of it dribble onto a flat surface Can you imagine creating a beautiful work of art on the ground, using handfuls of sand? This artist took sand and let it flow between his thumb and forefinger to make a sand painting. Every line and shape has been made with sand.

A Painting Made Without Brushes or Paint Sand painting artists Make colors by mixing ground-up stones with sand Add flower petals Add charcoal Add flower pollen Some Navajo sand paintings are as small. Some are large, up to twenty feet across.

A Painting Made Without Brushes or Paint What you see here is only part of a much larger sand painting. Sand paintings are more than just beautiful pictures of the Native Americans who make them. The paintings use symbols of Nature The gods They often recall ancient stories. They are created as part of special ceremonies, and often they are created one day and destroyed the next.

A Painting Made Without Brushes or Paint See if you can find some of the special Navajo symbols in this sand painting: Cactus Feathers Rainbows Female holy people [have square or rectangle heads] Male holy people [have round heads]

Kachinas Many Pueblo Indians believed Pueblo children In spirits called kachinas That different kachinas had different powers to help the people Pueblo children Were given kachina dolls Learned about the ceremonies and their meaning through the dolls

Masks During important ceremonies Men dressed up as kachinas. People danced. People hoped that the ceremonies would bring them good luck and goop crops.

Design: How the Elements of Art Work Together

Using Line to Design When you decide to draw a picture, what do you do? You begin by drawing lines. Even a painter designs by using lines. Look at how the artist uses lines in the next painting, called “The Bath”, painted by the American artist Mary Cassatt about a hundred years ago. In “The Bath”, A women is washing a child. There is a sense the tenderness of mother and child. How does Cassatt show this? The way the mother cradles her child on her lap At how closely their heads are drawn together “The Bath” - Mary Cassatt

Using Line to Design Cassatt uses lines To show the connection between the woman and her child To help your eyes traveled in a circle around the painting On the mother’s sleeve and leads your eyes to the basin Follow the curve of the basin Then they move back up to see the body of the child Then your eyes look again at the heads of the two figures This is part of the artist’s design in this painting

Using Line to Design Cassatt has used light in her painting, too. One side is darker than the other on the little girl’s legs. There are glints of light in the hair of both mother and child. Whenever you notice lines and light in a painting, you are noticing the artist’s design.

Early American Quilts Now let look at the design of a very useful object. To save time and money, early Americans made the most out of what they had. To make a warm quilt they Saved their worn-out clothing Cut the cloth into pieces Arranged them in a design Sewed them together Often all the women in a town would turn their sewing work into a party, called a quilting bee. Making art meant fun for everyone.

Double Irish Chain The design in this quilt is called Double Irish Chain. This design is made by Repeating a shape over and over Making a regular pattern The shapes inside the lines of purple and green squares are symmetrical. A shape is symmetrical when you can fold it in half (maybe just in your imagination) and the halves match perfectly. What about the entire quilt? Is its design symmetrical?

Lines, Shapes, and Colors Move The design of this quilt makes your eyes travel From square to square Along all the straight lines Because of the artist’s choice of colors. Purple and green are secondary colors. When complementary colors are placed side by side, they appear more vivid.

Other Quilt Designs Look at another quilt. We know that the artist Cut many copies of the same shapes out of light blue fabric Stitched them in a regular pattern on the a dark blue piece of fabric

Other Quilt Designs How many different shapes do you see? You probably counted the dark blue shapes There are light blue shapes in this design, too The light blue shapes are the figures. The dark blue shapes are the ground. An artist pays attention to both the figures and the ground in creating a design.

Texture of Quilts There is another element of design that adds beauty to these quilts: texture. Something you can’t feel from a picture in a book. The quilt artist created a lovely texture. If you could run your hands over these quilts, you would feel the stitches. Even the stitches form part of the design.

A Quilt That Tells a Story Faith Ringgold, an African American artist, makes quilts that tell stories. Faith Ringgold wrote and illustrated a picture book called Tar Beach [Crown Publishers, 1991], which tells the story of Cassie Lightfoot. It tells the story A girl named Cassie Lightfoot lay on the tar-covered rooftop of her building (he “tar beach”) She imagined herself flying over the city Another story, “”The People Could Fly,“ also refers to the feeling of being free. Faith Ringgold

A Quilt That Tells a Story Faith Ringgold used the same process of cutting pieces of cloth and stitching them together. She created a frame of fabric squares all around the quilt. There are other frames in the quilt’s design as well. One is formed by the lines and colors that outline the rooftop. Another is formed by the colored fabric on which Cassie and her brother are lying. Ringgold also sewed in ten fabric blocks, with words that tell Cassie’s story Five at the top Five at the bottom Are stitched in between bright print fabric squares and rectangles. Student quilt project inspired by Faith Ringgold

Design We been looking at Light and shadow Bright colors and dark colors Shapes and lines A sense of space All these different elements work together in every painting. The word “design” refers to the way the artist made the elements of a piece of art work together.

Rosa Bonheur This painting is called “The Horse Fair”. The artist who painted it spent a year and a half Attending horse sales Studying the animals Making sketches During the entire time, the artist wore a disguise – because she was a woman. Her name was Rosa Bonheur. In the 1800’s when Bonheur lived, only men went to the horse market. She got permission from the head of police and dressed as a man, so no one told her to leave. “The Horse Fair” Rosa Bonheur

The Horse Fair Look at the way she uses light in “The Horse Fair”. Where do you look first? Most people look first at The light colored horses The white shirts of the men near them Bonheur has made those horse and men seem to Form a ring Move in a circle. You can almost feel all the motion in the painting.

The Horse Fair Look at all the diagonal lines, made by The legs of the horses The bodies of the men Can you see the push and pull? The zigzag lines of some of the horses’ legs make them Alive Moving.

The Horse Fair The painting makes such a strong impression because “The Horse Fair - Rosa Bonheur” The painting makes such a strong impression because It is big The artist’s design includes so much movement and energy “The Horse Fair” is said to be the largest animal painting ever done More than sixteen feet long and eight feet high Large enough to cover a wall

A Very Formal Room An African American artist named Horace Pippin painted “Victorian Interior”. Horace Pippin Taught himself Never went to art school Had paintings, like the quilts, belong to a category of art called folk art Folk art is The art of everyday life Created by people who did not study art in school “Victorian Interior” - Horace Pippin This painting Does not seem to have a lot of depth It looks quite flat Has a design that is not exactly symmetrical Does have balance Has shapes on one side that are similar in size to the shapes on the other

A Very Formal Room Pippin made many design decisions as he used Lines Colors What makes the rug look so lively and bright? Is it made of complementary colors? Are there more straight or curved lines in the room? How many circles and ovals? How many rectangles and squares? How many shapes are painted red? Notice how the delicate lines of the white lace doilies break up the heavy, solid furniture.

“My heart tells my mind what to draw.” – Horace Pippin

Picturing an Idea The Quakers Came to America looking for religious freedom Settled in Pennsylvania Hoped to live in peace Look at this painting by a Quaker artist named Edward Hicks. Do you see anything unusual? All those animals together in one place! The little children are with the animals. The people are in the background. “The Peaceable Kingdom” - Edward Hicks

Picturing an Idea The painting is called “The Peaceable Kingdom”. In this painting, he was trying to Express a very important idea from the Bible The artist was probably remembering these lines from the Bible: “The wolf shall dwell with the lamb, and the leopard shall lie down with the kid: and the calf and the young lion and the fatling [or young, fattened animal] together; and a little child shall lead them.” These lines describe a perfect world of peace, which is what the Quakers hoped their new home in America would be. How does the painting express this idea of a peaceable world?

The Peaceable Kingdom This painting is very three-dimensional. Hicks painted two scenes in one painting. The children and the animals are painted in the foreground. We can see each shape clearly because of the way Hicks placed dark shapes next to light ones.

The Peaceable Kingdom The Native Americans and the Quakers are painted in the background Much smaller To show that they are far way None of them are looking out from the painting. They just look at each other. They are busy with their meeting. What do you think they are saying to each other?

The Peaceable Kingdom What do you think the foreground scene has to do with the background scene? Are they both about living in peace?

The Peaceable Kingdom Edward Hicks thought living in peace was so important that he created more than fifty paintings to convey that idea.

Can You Feel It? What is your first reaction when you look at this painting created by the Norwegian artist Edvard Munch? Most people look First at the face of the figure in the foreground Find the wavy lines and the colors in the background strange. Did you expect a red sky?

Can You Feel It? The artist called this painting “The Scream”. Munch explained One day he was walking with some friends Suddenly all of nature seemed to cry out He put his hands to his ears to close out the scream “The Scream” – Edvard Munch

The Scream Look at the pale hands and skull-like head of the central figure. How would you describe his expression? Fear? Terror? Surprise? His body seems unable to bear the emotion Seems wavy Like it might collapse

The Scream In the midst of all that is swirling around, only the bridge seems Straight Solid We see these contrasts because of decisions the artist made in his design.

The Expressionists Munch belonged to a group of artists called the Expressionists. Expressionist artists tried to show their innermost feelings in their art. Munch had a lot of sadness in his life. Can you see it expressed in his work?

“Nature is not only all that is visible to the eye… it also includes the inner pictures of the soul.” – Edvard Munch

Quarter 3

Space

Filling the Space Plane Figures Solid Figures Circles Triangles Squares Solid Figures Spheres Pyramids Cubes

Filling the Space An artist begins in two dimensions: Height Width An artist creates something that looks like it has three dimensions: Depth

Filling the Space A painter starts with a flat plane A wall A piece of paper A piece of cloth A painter paints shapes that are supposed to look solid. How does a painter make something that looks Round? Thick? Deep? Far away?

Perspective Look out a window. Some of the things you see are farther away than others. Those things appear smaller, and may be partially blocked from your view by other things that are closer to you. You cannot see the trees behind your neighbor’s house as clearly as you can see the tree in your own yard. The tree far away Are not as clear Have their colors are not as bright Seems smaller, even though you know that they are as big as the tree closer up

Three Parts to a Picture What you are seeing can be divided into three parts: The Foreground (Those things closest to you, like your tree) The Background (Those things farthest from you, like the trees in back of the house) The Middle Ground (Those things between the foreground and the background, like the house)

Jean-Francois Millet Many paintings also have a foreground, background, and middle ground. This painting is a farm scene called “The Gleaners”, painted by the French artist Jean-Francois Millet. The central figures in the painting are three women who are gleaning, or gathering what is left in a field after the harvest. “The Gleaners” - Jean-Francois Millet

The Foreground Millet makes you focus on the women by painting them Larger With more brightly colors than anything else in the painting While their faces are not visible, you can see the detail of Their clothes The stalks they hold in their hands

The Middle Ground You see a wagon Several large stacks of grain Many people In these shapes There is hardly any detail The colors are much more pale They seem little more than dabs of paint

The Background The buildings and trees far are even smaller. They seem out of focus, so pale they seem to fade away.

The Peasant’s Wedding This painting is called “Peasant Wedding” This is a view of a room filled with peasants, poor farm people like the women in “The Gleaners”. Have you ever heard of a wedding in a barn? When the artist, Pieter Brueghel, was painting in northern Europe, peasant families would hold weddings in barns.

The Peasant’s Wedding Brueghel has kept the picture from looking too crowded by placing people In the foreground In the middle ground In the background “Peasant Wedding” – Pieter Brueghel

The Peasant’s Wedding What happens to the size of the faces and bodies of the people as you look down the table? Can you see the people waiting to enter the room? Did Brueghel paint them with the same amount of detail as the people in the front? Brueghel used the brightest colors in the foreground. The colors in the background almost blend with the walls. The bride, seated in front of the dark green cloth, has pale skin. The hat hanging above her hair makes her stand out. To what are the guest paying the most attention?

Drawing with Scissors Project Look at example of some of Matisse’s cut paper creations. Read the title of the picture and figure out why it has that name. Cut out your own big, medium sized and small shapes. Be creative. Imagine what it would be like to not be able to paint but be able to make large pictures out of cut paper and glue. Arrange the shapes around your big piece of construction paper. Make a good design. Glue the big shapes first, medium sized shapes second, and small shapes third onto your background. Make a title for your creation.

Drawing with Scissors For years, the French artist Henri Matisse painted bright, colorful pictures. He became too ill to stand at an easel. He started cutting out paper figures and gluing them onto a ground. He made Collages Works of art made of pictures Papers pasted together in a design

Icarus One of Matisse's’ collages is called “Icarus”, after a Greek myth. Icarus’s father, Daedalus, made wings out of wax and feathers. They fastened the wings and began to soar Icarus – against his father’s warnings – flew too close to the sun. The wax in his wings melted Icarus fell into the sea. “Icarus” - Matisse

Icarus Which part of this story do you think Matisse’s collage tells? The arms and shoulders of the figures are curved like wings. He does not seem to be flying. It looks as though gravity is pulling his body down.

Icarus His right leg hangs a bit below the blue background What do you think Matisse meant by this? Do you think the blue is The sky? The sea?

Icarus Did you notice the bright yellow shapes? They could be Feathers Stars Their sharp straight lines contrast with the curves of the figure. They seem to be moving right off the page.

Icarus What about the tiny red oval? Matisse chose to show Icarus’s heart instead of his face. Why?

“I draw with scissors.” – Henri Matisse

Story Time

A Color Wheel A color wheel shows the three primary colors Red Yellow Blue

A Color Wheel In between the primary colors are the secondary colors Orange Green Purple Secondary colors are made by mixing the primary colors.

A Color Wheel Complimentary colors are found opposite one another on the color wheel. Can you name the three pairs of complimentary colors on this color wheel?

Quarter 4

Ancient Rome and Byzantine Civilizations

Speaking of Space The floor is divided into rectangles to the doorway. In the distant background, you see tiny figures walking out through enormous gates.

Speaking of Space Panini has used Lines Shapes Color Shadow All those elements to make a two-dimensional painting look like a three-dimensional scene So high that you see the clouds in the in sky So wide that you see sunlight spreading and many people inside So deep that you see far, far away through the gates of the building.

Speaking of Space This painting is called the “The Interior of the Pantheon”. This painting, created by an Italian artist named Giovanni Panini, shows the Pantheon in the eighteenth century, when Panini was alive. Imagine standing in the middle of this room and looking up. You would feel very small. Look how small the artist made the figures in this painting, to convey that sense of the space. The vertical line of the columns lead your eyes upwards to the huge curved roof. The panels in the dome become smaller and their lines fade into the shadows, the closer they are to the top. “The Interior of the Pantheon” - Giovanni Panini

The Pantheon Is a real building in Rome Was built by a Roman emperor in the second century AD Is a building with a huge domed ceiling and a window through which you can see the sky.

Byzantine Mosaic Portrait Project Look at example of some of Byzantine mosaics and examples of how Byzantine people dressed. Cut out and trace the portrait outline on your white board. Write the name of your Byzantine person on the front of the picture. Draw the details your face and hair inside the shape. Dress your portrait up in Byzantine style: hats, crowns & clothes. Outline your lines with a permanent marker. Paint your face and hair with multicultural paint. Paint the background and clothes with metallic paint. Glue mosaic tiles on your portrait’s clothes. Image light shining off of your portrait.

A Wall Filled with Light A mosaic is made from Thousands of tiny pieces of colored glass Jewels Precious metals Pieces fitted together like a puzzle.

Byzantine Art Byzantine artists used gold to remind people of heaven. Imagine how it would feel to be in a room full of mosaics shimmering with all the colors if the rainbow!

Byzantine Art Many great work of art were created when the Byzantine Empire was strongest (from about AD 400 to 1400). Since Christianity was so important, much of this art was made for churches. This mosaic honors the empress Theodora because she and here husband built many new Christian churches.

San Vitale The mosaic you see here shows The empress Theodora The empress Theodora’s court In World History you can read about Theodora’s husband The emperor Justinian Ruler of the Byzantine Empire This mosaic is a good example of Byzantine Art.

San Vitale The mosaic in San Vitale Looks as if it is filled with light. Has much of the background made of gold, which catches and reflects the light coming through windows from candles Can you tell which figure is Theodora in the mosaic? She is the tallest figure She is carrying a golden cup What else makes her more noticeable than the other?

San Vitale If you visited San Vital, you would see that this mosaic Is large Has figures that are almost life-size Just think how many tiny squares it took to make Theodora!

Hagia Sofia Is the most famous building from the Byzantine Empire Is in the city of Istanbul, Turkey, which is the modern name for Constantinople Was built as a Christian church Was destroyed by fires and earthquakes that damaged it, was rebuilt by the people of Constantinople Later became a mosque Is a museum, today

Hagia Sofia Its largest dome 102 feet across 180 feet above the floor

Le Pont du Gard The Romans built their aqueducts so well that you can still see some today. In France, cars now drive over the Pont du Gard, which was built As an aqueduct by the Romans In 19 B.C.

When in Rome, do as the Romans do.

References Text from Hirsh, Jr., E.D. (2006). What Your Fifth Grader Needs to Know. New York, NY: Bantam Dell Inc. Hirsh, Jr., E.D. (2005). Grade 3 Teacher Handbook. Charlottesville, VA: Core Knowledge Foundation.

Photo References Images from Credits Google Image Search. [Online]. Available: http://images.google.com/. Wikimedia Commons Search. [On-line]. Available: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. Credits The photo of the Navajo Blacket on page 36. 41 and 42 by Durova under the following license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/. The photo of the Ruby Green Singing on pages 25-27 was uploaded by http://flickr.com/photos/inconstanti/23391944/. The photo of Faith Ringgold portrait on page 59 was taken by the AP Britannica. [On-line]. Available: http://www.britannica.com/. The photo of Kachinas on page 47 were taken by Tom Bean/Corbis Britannica.