Class Update Observations Friday, Mar :30pm University of Minnesota (Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet from calendar Saturday, Mar pm Eagle Lake Observatory at Baylor Park (Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet Thursday, May 7 5:30-8:30pm Science Museum of Minnesota SPACE exhibit free. Details in sent last week. Safe Sun Observation Do the prep work. Different assignments for lecture-only and lab students. Details on class website. Handout on back table. Have ready by Mar. 31 – this coming Tuesday. Mar. 31 (most likely), Apr. 2, Apr. 7 or Apr. 9 – Watch for date All lecture and lab students need to come on this date Lecture for the day and lab for the week ~8:30am to 3:30pm reserve 30 minutes for lecture or 1 hour for lab Test 2 – not finished grading yet Scantron multiple choice score on website soon Writing assignment score on website by Tuesday
How Stars and Planets are Born Nasa-Jpl-CalTech
Star/Planet Birth Nebula = large gas and dust cloud
Star/Planet Birth Piece of nebula contracts due to gravity and shock waves Often other stars forming at same time from other parts of gas cloud
Star/Planet Birth That piece of contracting gas cloud Flattens Rotates faster
Video Clip – Orion Nebula, Star Birth Region hiddenuniverse026-Orion-Nebula-Gallery- Explorer-
Star/Planet Birth Center: Most matter Protostar Star Protostar = o Large object o From contraction/collapse of part of a large gas cloud o Will become a star
Star/Planet Birth Disk: Smaller objects stick and collide to form larger objects
Star/Planet Birth Disk: Warmer near protostar Light elements blown away Cooler further out Light elements like H stay around Water freezes Big, less dense planets form from H
Star/Planet Birth Happens within cocoon of gas and dust Often bi-polar jets
Star Birth Protostar turns on: Fusion Protostar Star Strong stellar winds Star/Planet Birth
Nebula cleared: –Heavy stuff by Collisions and close encounters Planet Birth –Light stuff by Strong stellar winds Nasa/JPL - Caltech
Star/Planet Birth Summary
Star/Planet Birth Summary 1.Nebula 2.Contracts, flattens, rotates 3.Disk with Protostar 4.Contracts to form Cocoon around Protostar 5.Solar wind blows Cocoon away and left with Star 6.Disk forms Planets
Star/Planet Birth Star Birth Simulation B8jtc&playnext=1&list=PLFC84C8CBA3C1 B6D6&feature=results_video
Evidence for Star/Planet Birth a. From our solar system b. From outside our solar system
Evidence from our Solar System Sun at center (most of mass) Sun and planets – not much else Flat/planar for most part Preferred direction of rotation and revolution Composition (Mostly H, He like stars and gas clouds) ModelToday’s Solar System
Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects ModelToday’s Solar System
Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters ModelToday’s Solar System
Craters
12 mi X 7 mi Gaspra
Miranda (Uranus)
Craterers Comets Meteoroids
Size ~ 1/2 Manhattan (14kmX4km) Comet Tempel 1 Size: ~1/3 Manhattan ~8kmX5km Impacted on July 4, 2005 by part of the Deep Impact probe
Evidence from our Solar System Asteroid belt Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud ModelToday’s Solar System
Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle (SSC) Distant leftovers – Asteroid belt Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud
Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter ModelToday’s Solar System
Evidence from our Solar System Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Outer solar system is cooler Big, less dense planets form from H ModelToday’s Solar System
Rotation and Revolution How does rotation and revolution happen? Everything is in motion. Random motion causes pockets of rotation/revolution. Why so fast? Angular momentum demo
Collisions, close encounters and solar wind clear nebula Light pressure demo – radiometer Demo Video e.com/watch?v=llx qNcipTwAhttps:// e.com/watch?v=llx qNcipTwA
Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Rotation and revolution ModelToday’s Solar System
Evidence for Star/Planet Birth a. From our solar system b. From outside our solar system
Evidence from beyond our solar system Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)
Pipe Nebula Pipe Nebula – dark area in lower left
Orion Nebula – star birth!
with Rigel
Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud
Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud
M33 Strong stellar winds sculpt the nebulae Recall light pressure demo
Rosette Nebula 50 ly across 4,500 ly away, Monoceros
Trifid Nebula -
Part of Trifid
Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Evidence from beyond our solar system
Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets
Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets
America-Nebula-Disappears
Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Evidence from beyond our solar system
Disks of material around stars
Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds Evidence from beyond our solar system
Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds
Evidence for Star/Planet Birth from Beyond Our Solar System Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds Exoplanets
NASA Exoplanet Archive 3/5/2015 1,821 Confirmed Planets 463 Multi-Planets Systems 4,175 Kepler Candidates Kepler Spacecraft 2009 to look for Earth-like planets in the Milky Way Galaxy
How to Find Planets Transit (most common currently) Doppler Shift (aka Radial Velocity) Others:
Finding a planet – Transit Planets can block a little light from their parent star causing a slight dip in the light
Finding a planet – Doppler Shift Planets tug on their parent stars causing a slight wobble in the star
First visible light picture of a planet (from Hubble)!
Exoplanet Missions Kepler – transit method Spitzer – infrared Hubble – visible CoRoT – ESA decommissioned - transit LBTI – Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer – in Arizona
Earth