Class Update Observations Friday, Mar :30pm University of Minnesota (Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet from calendar Saturday, Mar pm Eagle Lake Observatory at Baylor Park (Telescopes, Star Gazing, & Moon Craters) Print Verification Sheet Thursday, May 7 5:30-8:30pm Science Museum of Minnesota SPACE exhibit free. Details in sent last week. Safe Sun Observation Do the prep work. Different assignments for lecture-only and lab students. Details on class website. Handout on back table. Have ready by Mar. 31 – this coming Tuesday. Mar. 31 (most likely), Apr. 2, Apr. 7 or Apr. 9 – Watch for date All lecture and lab students need to come on this date Lecture for the day and lab for the week ~8:30am to 3:30pm reserve 30 minutes for lecture or 1 hour for lab Test 2 – not finished grading yet Scantron multiple choice score on website soon Writing assignment score on website by Tuesday

How Stars and Planets are Born Nasa-Jpl-CalTech

Star/Planet Birth Nebula = large gas and dust cloud

Star/Planet Birth Piece of nebula contracts due to gravity and shock waves Often other stars forming at same time from other parts of gas cloud

Star/Planet Birth That piece of contracting gas cloud Flattens Rotates faster

Video Clip – Orion Nebula, Star Birth Region hiddenuniverse026-Orion-Nebula-Gallery- Explorer-

Star/Planet Birth Center: Most matter Protostar  Star Protostar = o Large object o From contraction/collapse of part of a large gas cloud o Will become a star

Star/Planet Birth Disk: Smaller objects stick and collide to form larger objects

Star/Planet Birth Disk: Warmer near protostar Light elements blown away Cooler further out Light elements like H stay around Water freezes Big, less dense planets form from H

Star/Planet Birth Happens within cocoon of gas and dust Often bi-polar jets

Star Birth Protostar turns on: Fusion Protostar  Star Strong stellar winds Star/Planet Birth

Nebula cleared: –Heavy stuff by Collisions and close encounters Planet Birth –Light stuff by Strong stellar winds Nasa/JPL - Caltech

Star/Planet Birth Summary

Star/Planet Birth Summary 1.Nebula 2.Contracts, flattens, rotates 3.Disk with Protostar 4.Contracts to form Cocoon around Protostar 5.Solar wind blows Cocoon away and left with Star 6.Disk forms Planets

Star/Planet Birth Star Birth Simulation B8jtc&playnext=1&list=PLFC84C8CBA3C1 B6D6&feature=results_video

Evidence for Star/Planet Birth a. From our solar system b. From outside our solar system

Evidence from our Solar System Sun at center (most of mass) Sun and planets – not much else Flat/planar for most part Preferred direction of rotation and revolution Composition (Mostly H, He like stars and gas clouds) ModelToday’s Solar System

Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects ModelToday’s Solar System

Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters ModelToday’s Solar System

Craters

12 mi X 7 mi Gaspra

Miranda (Uranus)

Craterers Comets Meteoroids

Size ~ 1/2 Manhattan (14kmX4km) Comet Tempel 1 Size: ~1/3 Manhattan ~8kmX5km Impacted on July 4, 2005 by part of the Deep Impact probe

Evidence from our Solar System Asteroid belt Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud ModelToday’s Solar System

Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/T. Pyle (SSC) Distant leftovers – Asteroid belt Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud

Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter ModelToday’s Solar System

Evidence from our Solar System Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Outer solar system is cooler Big, less dense planets form from H ModelToday’s Solar System

Rotation and Revolution How does rotation and revolution happen? Everything is in motion. Random motion causes pockets of rotation/revolution. Why so fast? Angular momentum demo

Collisions, close encounters and solar wind clear nebula Light pressure demo – radiometer Demo Video e.com/watch?v=llx qNcipTwAhttps:// e.com/watch?v=llx qNcipTwA

Evidence from our Solar System Smaller objects form larger objects Meteoroids and comets Craters Asteroid Belt, Kuiper Belt, Oort Cloud Mini “systems” like Saturn and Jupiter Terrestrial vs. Jovian planets Rotation and revolution ModelToday’s Solar System

Evidence for Star/Planet Birth a. From our solar system b. From outside our solar system

Evidence from beyond our solar system Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He)

Pipe Nebula Pipe Nebula – dark area in lower left

Orion Nebula – star birth!

with Rigel

Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud

Stars form in groups from the same gas cloud

M33 Strong stellar winds sculpt the nebulae Recall light pressure demo

Rosette Nebula 50 ly across 4,500 ly away, Monoceros

Trifid Nebula -

Part of Trifid

Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Evidence from beyond our solar system

Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets

Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets

America-Nebula-Disappears

Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Evidence from beyond our solar system

Disks of material around stars

Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds Evidence from beyond our solar system

Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds

Evidence for Star/Planet Birth from Beyond Our Solar System Gas clouds in Milky Way (H, He) Stars form in cocoons With bipolar jets Disks of material around stars Strong stellar winds sculpt birthing gas clouds Exoplanets

NASA Exoplanet Archive 3/5/2015 1,821 Confirmed Planets 463 Multi-Planets Systems 4,175 Kepler Candidates Kepler Spacecraft 2009 to look for Earth-like planets in the Milky Way Galaxy

How to Find Planets Transit (most common currently) Doppler Shift (aka Radial Velocity) Others:

Finding a planet – Transit Planets can block a little light from their parent star causing a slight dip in the light

Finding a planet – Doppler Shift Planets tug on their parent stars causing a slight wobble in the star

First visible light picture of a planet (from Hubble)!

Exoplanet Missions Kepler – transit method Spitzer – infrared Hubble – visible CoRoT – ESA decommissioned - transit LBTI – Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer – in Arizona

Earth