By Hana Gustafson, Sofia Loprinzi Hardin, Ruby O’Connor, Emma Long & Ry Greenburg

Map of Tanzania Flag of Tanzania Homie of Tanzania

Caused by the Berlin Conference the colony of East Africa was established (1885) Germany set up a government in the largest city, Dar es Salaam (1891) Germany East Africa was taken from Germany and put under British control Renamed Tanganyika After World War II Tanganyika became a trusteeship under the United Nations – continued to be a British Colony The Colonial Office saw that there would be a demand for self- government by African colonial states and recommended that moves be taken to allow Africans more authority within territories to enable a smooth transition of power· Constitutional government established Suffered from taxation and little to no representation

The Background continues… Julius Nyerere born in Lake Victoria (1922) Nyerere attended Tanganukia’s only secondary school, followed by Makerere University College and Edinburgh University Received teaching certificate (1945) After World War II Nyerere became active in local politics as a member of the TAA

Originally based on democratic parliamentary system similar to that of the UK (Pearson, 193) The head of the government was the Prime Minister, Nyerere (193) However, Nyerere resigned in 1962 because he wanted to restructure the government. (193) He was a firm believer in socialism, and thought that African countries didn't need a multi-party system to be democratic. (193) New constitution in 1962 made Tanganyika a republic. Nyerere became president with 97% of the vote. (193) Nyerere believed in having only one party to encourage unity and family. (193)

Nyerere decided on 3 main areas to focus on foreign policy: ensure national security through diplomatic means, give support to the liberation movements in Africa and work for African unity, and the pursuance of non-alignment linked to the policies of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the UN. Wanted to merge Tanganyika, Kenya, Zanzibar, Rwanda, Burundi, and Uganda into a regionally unified group in order to strengthen national security. Nyerere felt that formalizing the old East African High Commission and establishing a more effective federation of states would help this issue. His initial attempts to do so were unsuccessful. The East African Community (EAC) aimed at strengthening the trading links between its members through a common market and a common customs agreement, with the objective of increasing economic growth within the region. The EAC was supposed to last for ten years however, there were growing conflicts between Nyerere and Jomo Kenyatta, the president of Kenya, and they were not able to decide on an equal amount for each country to donate to the EAC. It collapsed in July Another key area of focus for foreign policy by Nyerere was support for the liberation struggles in southern Africa. He targeted what he saw as racist regimes in Mozambique, Southern Rhodesia, and South Africa. “Nyerere claimed that homosexuality was alien to Africa and therefore it was right to have policies against it.”

-In 1965, under the new constitution, Nyerere announced for a single-party state to be established, believing it would allow for open debate and a proper democratic system. -The candidates who stood for election had to meet several conditions: *Each had to be a member of TANU (this party was open to anyone who accepted its aims) *Each had to have the support of at least 25 people who could vote *No one could spend his own money on an election campaign, or campaign on the basis of race, religion or tribe. -When elections were held in October, it seemed as if Nyereres aims were successful. A truly democratic election had taken place by the TANU party and voters had removed politicians that they were dissatisfied with. -This single-party system was further consolidated in 1977 when TANU and the ASP merged together to form CCM, the Party of the Revolution. -The new constitution, which was passed through the legal process to avoid criticism did not take into consideration of the people of Tanzania, but instead was created just by party leaders. -The several small parties (which had appeared in 1962) were harassed out of existence and extremely restricted. Because of this, not much support was given to Nyerere’s idea of having competitive elections (Pearson, 196).

Nyerere announced official non-alignment in the Cold War Tanzania had good relations with the USA (and other western powers), China and the Soviet Union. Nyerere did not want to be associated with any ideological bloc Tanzania was previously aligned with Great Britain because they were giving Tanzania with development aid. The independence of Zanzibar, and Tanzania’s support of it, attracted international attention. Communist states were particularly interested in Zanzibar, making Nyerere rethink his foreign policy. The Zanzibar situation and USA and Belgium support of Moise Tshambe (the president of the Congo) made Nyerere want alternative means for acquiring aid. He wanted to move closer to other socialist states while still maintaining his non-aligned position in the Cold War. China began sending economic and financial aid to Tanzania, even more so after Tanzania and Great Britain broke up. By 1967, Tanzania was also accepting support from the USA. In the meantime relations between Nyerere and Idi Amin, the president of Uganda at the time, were disintegrating. Their grumpiness resulted in a war between the countries in Nyerere won and established himself de facto president of Uganda. The war was financially detrimental for Tanzania, costing them over $500 million, affecting Nyerere’s social reforms.

Pearson Text—pg Chris Dunton, Mai Palmberg (1996). Human rights and homosexuality in Southern Africa. p.24 Pearson Text—pg Pearson Text—pg. 196