 Hīe geweorc geworhten hæfdon  ‘ they have built a fortress ’  bēōn, weorþan + a present participle

 Ring => Rang => Rung  i a u  Four stems: Infinitive, Past Singular, Past Plural, Participle II  7 classes  Class 7 - reduplicating verbs

 Class I: bite = bitan  Class II: fly = flēon  Class III: spring = springan  Class IV: come = cuman  Class V: give = giefan  Class VI: take = tacan  Class VII: hold = healdan

 Bītan bāt biton biten  ī - ā - i - I Class 7 H ea ldan heold heoldon h ea lden

 No Ablaut  3 classes  3 stems  –d- or –t-  Class 1 Cēpan cēp t e cēpe d (keep)

Variant 1 1. What were the grammatical categories of OE adjectives? Variant 2 1. In which case was an adjective declined strong? Variant 3 1. In which case was an adjective declined weak?

Variant 1 2. How many stems did the OE strong verbs have? (give a list) Variant 2 2. Which was the regular way of forming the degrees of comparison? Variant 3 2. How many classes of weak verbs were distinguished in OE?

 What does the word “weak” and “strong” mean in such word combinations as “weak/strong nouns, verbs, adjectives”?

 witan (to know),  cunnan (can),  þurfan (to need),  sculan (shall),  magan (may).

 Singular  1 st Person wat  2 nd Person wast  3 rd Person wat  Plural All Persons witon Srtong verb class 3 findan fand fundon funden

 Singular  1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons wiste or wisse  Plural  1st, 2nd and 3rd Persons wiste or wisse

 “willan”  “do” (dōn –dyde - gedōn) –  “live” (būan – būde - gebūn),  verbs with suppletive forms:  “go”(gān – ēode – gegān)  “be” (bēon and wesan )

 Present Present Past  1 st P Sg (I) eom beo wæs  2 nd P Sg (you) eart bist wære  3 rd P Sg is bið wæs  (he, she, it)  All Plurals sind / sindon beoð wæron

 Infinitive  beran – uninflected Inf. (Nom)  tō ber enne or tō ber anne - inflected infinitive (Dat)  he cymeth tō dēmenne cwicum and dēādum

 hīe woldon hine forbærnan

 – ende  ber ende

 –en  –d/-t  ge-bunden  ā-drencen

Variant 1 1) How did the present-preterite verbs build their forms? 2) How were the two participles built in OE? Variant 2 1) The present-preterite verbs correspond to ___________ verbs in Modern English. 2) What are the two forms of the infinitive in OE? How were they built?

 Norþan snywde (it snowed in the North)  Ne con īc nōht singan (I cannot sing nothing)

 se guma geseah þa cwēn S-V-O (the man saw the woman)  þa cwēn geseah se guma O-V-S  þa geascode he þone cyning (VSO) Then he discovered the king.

 Ða on morgenne gehierdon þæt þæs cyninges þegnas (VOS) Then in the morning the kings thegns heard that.

 God cwæþ him þus to God said thus to him  Hie... þone æþeling ofslogon, ond þa men þe him mid wæron.  They... killed the prince and the men who were with him.

 conjunction “þæt” and particle “þe” (“which," "that," "who" or "whom).  þæs cyninges þegnas þe him be-hindan wæron The king's thanes who were behind him.

 Þa : 1. “ when” or “then” 2. a plural demonstrative pronoun (those) 3. a singular feminine demonstrative pronoun in the accusative case

 for þam þe – because  swa swa - “so so” or “as as,” or “just as” or “such as.”  swylce - “such,” but it very often can be translated at “likewise “

 Define the morphological meanings of the nouns and adjectives.  þurh (through) þīne æþelan (noble) hand  þes ealda mann  blacum wulfum

 dæӡ a-stem, masc,  fuӡol a-stem, masc  hēah high (accusative, masc - hēanne)  a ӡen own  l īf a-stem, neuter  folca-stem, neuter  Eal all  wer a-stem, masc  b ēam tree

 dur u-stem, feminine  bur ӡroot stem, feminine  r īcea-stem, neuter  elc (ælc)each  What happened with the unstressed vowel in oblique cases?  How were neuter a-stems different from masculine a-stems?  Which nouns belonged to weak declension?