MULTICULTURAL STUDIES LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY, CONTRIBUTIONS, & CULTURE OBJECTIVES: TSWBAT EXPLAIN THE HISTORICAL ROLES OF NATIVE AMERICANS, EUROPEANS, AND ENSLAVED AFRICANS IN CREATING THE LATIN AMERICAN CULTURE. TSWBAT DESCRIBE VARIOUS ASPECTS OF LATIN AMERICAN CULTURE AND MODERN DAY ISSUES LATINOS/HISPANICS FACE TODAY. TSWBAT IDENTIFY LATIN AMERICAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE UNITED STATES AND THE WORLD.

MAP LOCATIONS: Mexico Map: Mexico, Pacific Ocean, Gulf of Mexico, Yucatan Peninsula South America Map: Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean Central American and the Caribbean Map: Gulf of Mexico, Bahamas, Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Lesser Antilles, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Belize, Mexico

LATIN AMERICAN – EARLY HISTORY

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA

ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS There were 3 powerful Native American tribes/civilizations during the pre-colonial periods: 1. Aztecs: located in present-day central Mexico Known for their well-organized city-states Mighty warriors; regularly conquered smaller, nearby Native American tribes Wealthy in gold Powerful leader  Montezuma ( ) 2. Mayans: located on the Yucatan Peninsula (southern tip of present-day Mexico) Known as farmers More peaceful than the Aztecs 3. Incans: located along the Andes mountain range in western South America Known for their adaptability to the thin air in higher elevation (mountains) The first civilization in South America to mummify their dead Mostly hunters and gatherers

EUROPEAN COLONIZATION During the European Exploration age, the European countries of Spain, France, Netherlands (Dutch), Portugal, and Great Britain sought to claim land in Central and South America. The approach to claiming land was to conquer the 3 most powerful Native American civilizations first. Hernando Cortes – conquered the Aztecs by befriending Montezuma and then betraying his trust

SOCIAL CLASSES UNDER EUROPEAN CONTROL: IN AN EFFORT TO MAINTAIN CONTROL OVER CONQUERED NATIVE AMERICANS, THE SPANISH ESTABLISHED A RIGID SOCIAL CLASS: European – Born Spaniards Spaniards (born in New World) Mestizos – persons of mixed heritage (Spanish and Native Americans Enslaved Africans (on Caribbean islands and Central America) Native Americans

PURPOSE OF EUROPEAN COLONIES IN CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA: Accumulate GOLD! To establish plantations to grow crops such as sugarcane, coffee, rice, cotton, and cacao (makes chocolate) Enslaved Africans were brought to the Caribbean islands as cheap labor for plantation owners

SO WHY IS IT CALLED LATIN AMERICA? The 3 European countries that controlled much of this region were primarily those that spoke languages that derived from Latin (i.e. Spanish, French). European Colonies in Latin America SPAINCuba, Puerto Rico, Mexico, the entire isthmus of Central America, Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Chile, Bolivia FRANCEFrench Guiana & Haiti PORTUGALBrazil (Portugal’s largest colony) NETHERLANDS (Dutch)A few Caribbean islands, Suriname GREAT BRITAINBritish Virgin Islands, Guyana, Jamaica

LATIN AMERICAN EARLY HISTORY QUIZ 1.Which natural resource created wealth for the mighty Aztec civilization? 2.Who was the great leader of the Aztecs? 3.Name the 3 major Native American civilizations in Central and South America before the arrival of the Europeans. 4.Who befriended and betrayed Montezuma in order to conquer land for the country of Spain? 5.Why did the Spanish establish a social class structure in their colonies? 6.Why did it matter where you were born, if you were a Spanish colonist? 7.Name ONE Dutch colony in Latin America. 8.Name ONE French colony in Latin America. 9.Name ONE Spanish colony in Latin America. 10.How did Europeans make a profit from their Latin American colonies?

LATIN AMERICAN HISTORY – REVOLUTIONS & INDEPENDENCE OBJECTIVE: TSWBAT IDENTIFY THE LATINOS WHO LED THE LATIN COLONIES TO INDEPENDENCE AND TO SECURE CIVIL RIGHTS.

LATIN AMERICAN WAR HEROES NameCountry(ies)Accomplishment(s): Emiliano Zapata (peasant farmer/bullfighter) MexicoHelped to fight for the rights to land for peasant farmers in southern Mexico Simon Bolivar (wealthy/Spanish descendant) BoliviaLed Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, & Ecuador into independence from Spain Toussaint L’ouverture (freed Black; well educated) HaitiLed enslaved Black Haitians in a coup-de tat against the French colonists

U.S. POLICIES FOR LATIN AMERICA OBJECTIVE: TSWBAT ANALYZE THE RELATIONSHIP DEVELOPMENT BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND LATIN AMERICA.

MANIFEST DESTINY: U.S. VS. MEXICO Texas: was original part of the newly independent Mexico; settled by American pioneers such as Sam Houston, Daniel Bowie) Texan settlers fought against Mexico’s army (led by Santa Anna); suffered a massive defeat at the Alamo; later defeated Santa Anna’s army to gain independence Requested to become a state of the U.S., but Congress refused because it would shift the balance of free vs. slave states Became Republic of Texas (1836 – 1846) Later was admitted as a slave state to the U.S. Mexico saw this as an aggressive move from the United States Gadsen Purchase: Mexican Cession:

MONROE DOCTRINE & “BIG STICK” DIPLOMACY “Monroe Doctrine” – President James Monroe presented a letter/document to European countries as a warning that they were NOT to meddle in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere, or they would have to answer to the United States. “Big Stick” Diplomacy – President Theodore Roosevelt warned the European countries that Latin American countries were sovereign and that they and the U.S. shouldn’t interfere. He stated that the U.S. would only get involved if there were unpaid debts.

WAR HEROES & U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IMPACT QUIZ 1.He was a revolutionary war hero of Spanish descent that led multiple countries in South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Bolivia) to independence from Spain. He was said to be the “George Washington” of South America. 2.What was the name of the concept that gave the U.S. government such urgency to expand its borders from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean? 3.Texas was admitted to the United States as a slave or free state? 4.Which state was the only state to become a sovereign, independent country before it became a part of the Union? 5.Texan settlers suffered a massive defeat from the Spanish army led by which general?

WAR HEROES & U.S. FOREIGN POLICY IMPACT QUIZ, CON. 6. Texan settlers were defeated at which fort in San Antonio, Texas? 7. He was a revolutionary war hero who fought for peasant farmers in southern Mexico, but was later ambushed and riddled with bullets. 8. Name two famous Texans who fought against General Santa Anna’s army. 9. He was a revolutionary war hero of African descent who led Black Haitians to independence from France. He was said to be the “George Washington” of Haiti. 10. Which U.S. President stated in the “Big Stick Diplomacy” that the U.S. would only interfere with the affairs of Latin American countries only in the case of financial crisis?