Chapter 8 – Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism History of Psychology Chapter 8 – Applied Psychology: The Legacy of Functionalism

I. The Growth of Psychology in the United States A. Wundt's impact 1. American psychology guided by Darwin and Galton 2. Wundt's American students did not replicate his psychology 3. Wundt's and Titchener's systems without practical applications 4. American pragmatism concomitant with rise of functionalism

The Growth of Psychology in the United States B. Journal articles in 1900: 1. 25% applied 2. 3% involved introspection C. Laboratories 1. 1880: none 2. 1900: 42

The Growth of Psychology in the United States D. Dominance in numbers 1. 1903: more PhDs in psychology than in any science other than chemistry, zoology, and physics 2. 1913: United States had more of the world's leading psychologists than any other country

The Growth of Psychology in the United States E. Publication language 1910: 50% written in German 30% in English 1933: 52% written in English 14% in German F. Popularity 1. 1904 World's Fair: speakers included Titchener, Morgan, Janet, Hall, Watson

II. Economic Influences on Applied Psychology A. 1900: more Ph.Ds & laboratories 1. applied work necessary for an income 2. applied work necessary to supplement academic salary B. Pressure to prove psychology's value 1. to administrators and legislators for funding 2. to the public

Economic Influences on Applied Psychology C. Opportunity 1. dramatic increase in public school enrollments 2. education became big business

III. Stanley Hall (1844-1924) A. Hall's career 1 .first American doctoral degree in psychology 2. first (second) American student in the first year of the first psychology laboratory Stanley Hall

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) 3. began first psychology laboratory in the United States 4. began first American journal of psychology 5. first president of Clark and APA 6. one of the first applied psychologists

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) Stanley Hall (1844-1924) B. hall’s life 1. Interested in philosophy & evolutionary theory 2. became a tutor in English at Harvard, did research at the medical school; PhD in 1878 3. University of Leipzig: was Wundt's student, knew Fechner, did physiological research 4. United States: lectures on application of psychology to education

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) 5. Professor at Johns Hopkins University a. established first American psychology laboratory (1883) b. his students: Dewey and Cattell 6. founded Journal of genetic Psychology, Journal of applied Psychology, and Journal of religious Psychology 7. 1887: founded American Journal of psychology a. 1st American Journal b. an area for theoretical and experimental ideas

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) 8. 1888: first president of Clark University a. preferred to develop a graduate institution b. receptive to women and minority students at graduate level and to Jewish faculty c. Francis Cecil Sumner - first African American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (Clark University in1920, became chair of the psychology department at Howard University in 1928

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) 9. founded APA and was 1st APA president 10. early interest in psychoanalysis; invited Freud and Jung to celebrate Clark University’s 20th anniversary 11. 81 doctorates were awarded in psychology at Clark during his 36 years there.

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) C. Evolution as framework for human development 1. contributed more to educational psychology than to experimental psychology 2. a genetic psychologist: study of childhood is the core of his psychology

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) 3. extensive use of questionnaires 4. child study movement a. established the empirical study of the child b. established concept of psychological development

Stanley Hall (1844-1924) 5. 1904: Adolescence a. his most influential work b. recapitulation theory of psychological development It means that the psychological development of children repeats the history of the human race. 6. 1922: Senescence (first large survey of psychology of elderly)

IV. James Cattell (1860-1944) A. Cattell's life James Cattell 1. Born in Pennsylvania 2. graduate work: Gottingen, then Leipzig with Wundt James Cattell

James Cattell (1860-1944) 3. 1882: fellowship at Johns Hopkins a. major interest: philosophy b. interest in psychology due to experiments with drugs c. took Hall's lab course d. began reaction-time research 4. 1883: return to Leipzig a. lab assistant to Wundt b. PhD in 1886

James Cattell (1860-1944) 4. taught in United States, then at Cambridge: met Galton 5. one of first in United States to stress quantification, ranking, ratings a. developed ranking method b. first psychologist to teach statistical analysis of experimental results c. encouraged the use of large groups of subjects

James Cattell (1860-1944) 6. interested in Galton's eugenics 7. 1888: professor of psychology at University of Pennsylvania 8. 1894: began Psychological Review 9. other books and journals

James Cattell (1860-1944) 10. 1891: professor of psychology and chair at Columbia University 11. at Columbia a. more PhDs in psychology than anywhere else in United States b. emphasized independent research by graduate students c. urged increased faculty involved university decision

James Cattell (1860-1944) 12. 1917: dismissed on grounds of disloyalty to United States 13. 1921: organized Psychological Corporation, promoting applied psychology as a business

James Cattell (1860-1944) C. Mental testing 1 .1890: coined term mental tests 2. his intelligence tests: elementary sensorimotor measurements 3. 1901: concluded such tests not valid predictors of intelligence

James Cattell (1860-1944) D. Comment 1. strongest impact: as organizer, executive, administrator, and link to scientific community 2. contributed through his students Robert Woodworth; E. L. Thorndike 3. reinforced functionalism

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —Alfred Binet (1857-1911) A. Alfred Binet (1857-1911) 1. self-taught psychologist 2. first true psychological test of mental ability 3. provided effective measure of cognitive abilities

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —Alfred Binet (1857-1911) 4. initiated modern intelligence testing 5. cognitive functions reflect intelligence, sensorirnotor responses do not 6. Binet and Simon test a. 30 problems b. ascending difficulty c. foci: judgment, comprehension, reasoning

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —Alfred Binet (1857-1911) 7. mental age concept The age at which children of average ability can perform certain tasks 8. Progress in intelligent test in United States a. 1908: Henry Goddard translated Binet test was from French to English b. 1916: Lewis Terman: developed Stanford-Binet test

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others A. The impact of World War I 1. needed a group test to assign people to the suitable tasks 2. Robert Yerkes urged to develop a group intelligent test 3. WWI ended before a group test developed. However, it enhanced publicity of psychological testing.

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others B. The impact of educational needs IQ scores became the most important criterion for student placement and advancement Other tests for cognitive functioning

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others C. Metaphors from medicine 1. purpose: psychology is a “science” 2. medicine: Not as subjects but as patients Tests were like X-ray to see inside the mind or patients’ mental mechanisms. administered by a trained psychologists

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others D. Metaphors from engineering 3. Engineering Schools were referred to as education factories Tests as ways to measure a factor’s products (intelligence levels)

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others E. Racial Differences 1 .1912: Goddard at Ellis Island a. northern Europeans and non-Jews “normal” b. legislation restricting the immigration of "inferior" racial and ethnic groups 2. 1921: mental age of World War I draftees was 13

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others E. Racial Differences 3. Horace Mann Bond: racial differences in IQ due to environment 4. 1994: The Bell Curve (Herrnstein and Murray) Intelligent tests are not culturally biased ?? 5. However, this controversial issue remained unfinished today

V. The Psychological Testing Movement —others E. Contribution of Women to the testing movement Female psychologists prohibited from seeking university positions. Women have made significant contribution to the development and application of psychological tests. E.g., Psyche Cattell: Catell Infant Intelligence Scale

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) A. Witmer's life 1. Cattell chose him as his successor 2. Encouraged him to study with Wundt 3. He was not impressed with Wundt’s research methods 4. Titchener was his classmate Lightner Witmer

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) 5. 1892-1896: faculty at the Uni. of Pennsylvania a. experimental research on individual differences and psychological pain b. goal: application of psychology to abnormal behavior c. the growth in funding for public education, demand for educational psychology courses

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) 6. 1896: published an article, entitled Practical Work in Psychology 7. Used the term “clinical psychology” for the first time 8. 1907: founded Psychological Clinic

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement Lightner Witmer (1867-1956) B. Career 1. 1896: opened the world’s first psychology clinic 2. began the field of “clinical psychology” a. assessed/treated learning and behavior problems b. today is called “school psychology” 3. He offered the first college course on clinical psychology 4. functionalist: helped people solve problems

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement --Others 1. 1908: A Mind That Found Itself (Beers) 2. 1909: Psychotherapy (Munsterberg) 3. 1909: first child guidance clinic (Healey) a. early intervention b. team approach 4. S. Freud's work: psychoanalysis

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement --Others 5. By 1940, clinical is a small part of psychology few treatment facilities for adults few jobs for clinical psychologists

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement --Others 6. WWII in 1941 Needed clinical psychologists to treat the emotional issues of military personnel After war, needs clinical psychologists even greater in VA hospitals VA funded graduate programs to let graduate students to work at VA hospitals and clinics

VI. Clinical Psychology Movement --Others 7. Today, clinical psychology Clinical psychologists are employed in mental health centers, business, and private practices Is the largest field in applied psychology More than 1/3 of graduate students in clinical psychology More than 1/3 of APA members are in private practice

VII. I-O Psychology Movement --Walter Scott (1869-1955) A. Scott's life 1 . trained to be missionary to China 2. 1898: began study with Wundt at 'Leipzig 3. 1900: faculty in Northwestern University Walter Scott

VII. I-O Psychology Movement --Walter Scott (1869-1955) 4. 1902: was asked to apply psychology to advertising 5. 1903: The Theory and Practice of advertising 6. Expertise in personnel selection and management 7. 1919: The Scott Company: personnel selection and worker efficiency

VII. I-O Psychology Movement --Walter Scott (1869-1955) B. Career 1. first to apply psychology to advertising, personnel selection, management 2. first “professor of applied psychology” 3. founded first psychological consulting company 4. first psychologist to receive army Distinguished Service Medal

VII. I-O Psychology Movement --Walter Scott (1869-1955) C. Advertising 1. consumers: not rational, easily influenced 2. Applied his law of suggestibility into advertising 3. Recommend to use direct commands to sell products

VII. I-O Psychology Movement --Walter Scott (1869-1955) D. Personnel selection 1. rating scales and group tests of successful employees 2. group tests of intelligence and other abilities a. how people used their intelligence, not their base levels of intelligence

VII. I-O Psychology Movement ---other impacts A. The impact of the world wars 1. during the wars: testing, screening, and classifying people to the suitable tasks 2. after the wars: need to select the best employees a. subspecialty: human engineering, engineering psychology, or human factors engineering

VII. I-O Psychology Movement ---other impacts B. The Hawthorne studies and organizational factors 1. 1920s: matching the right person with the right job 2. The importance of social/psychological factors influences on employee motivation, productivity, satisfaction 4. development of organizational psychology

VII. I-O Psychology Movement ---other impacts C. Contributions of women to I-O psychology I-O psychology provided career opportunities to women Lillian Moore Gilbreth: first 1-0 PhD in 1915 from Brown University Today, more than half of candidates in I-O psychology were women.

VIII. Applied Psychology in the United States A. Between World Wars 1. applied psychology respected 2. sufficient jobs and funding in academia 3. 1920s: publicity of psychology People believe that psychologists could fix everything 4. The Depression years: attacked for failure to cure

VIII. Applied Psychology in the United States B. World War II 1. different set of problems More psychologists involved in the war 2. psychology in Germany revived for a demand for selecting the military personnel. C. By 1990s: shift from experimental psychology to applied psychology