Mrs. Hatcher Modern European History Mrs. Hatcher Modern European History

V. The Northern Renaissance A. Christian Humanism: 1. Emphasis on early Church writings that provided answers on how to improve society and reform church a. less emphasis on pagan works from ancient Greece & Rome b. many historians today see more continuity between the Northern & Italian Renaissance than contrasts

V. The Northern Renaissance 2. Drew on Hebrew & Greek texts of the Bible and the writings of the Church Fathers 3. Emphasized education & power of human intellect to bring about institutional change & moral 4. Writings led to criticism of the church thus leading to the Reformation

B. Erasmus ( ) 1. Most famous and celebrated of all northern humanists 2. Master of the Greek lang.; one of Europe’s foremost authorities 3. Made new translations of the New Testament to create “purer” editions 4. He was the first humanist to earn a living by writing- an extremely impressive achievement.

B. Erasmus 5. In Praise of Folly (1513) a. Best seller (only Bible sold more by 1550) * written in Latin not for mass consumption b. Erasmus was a devout Catholic who sought to reform the Church, not destroy it c. Satirized people’s worldly ambitions, Incl. clergy d. Criticized immorality & hypocrisy of church leaders and clergy

B. Erasmus e. The book inspired renewed calls for reform, and influenced Martin Luther

C. Thomas More ( ) 1. Prime example of a civic humanist; he rose to the highest gov’t position of any humanist 2. Utopia (1516): More’s humanistic masterpiece a. mixes civic humanism with religious ideals to describe a perfect society located on an imaginary island b. More sees the accumulation of property as a root cause for society’s ills; a few have it – most do not

C. Thomas More c. in order to achieve harmony and order people have to be willing to sacrifice their individual rights for the common good d. War, poverty, religious intolerance, and other problems of the early 16 th c do not exist in Utopia

F. William Shakespeare ( ) 1. Greatest of the English Renaissance authors 2. His works reflected the Renaissance ideas of classical Greek & Roman Culture, individualism and humanism 3. Wrote comedies, tragedies, histories, and sonnets

G. Miguel de Cervantes 1. Among the greatest pieces of Spanish literature 2. Critical of excessive religious idealism chivalric romance

Renaissance Art in Northern Europe, Should not be considered an appendage to Italian art., But, Italian influence was strong.  Painting in OIL, developed in Flanders, was widely adopted in Italy., The differences between the two cultures:  Italy  change was inspired by humanism with its emphasis on the revival of the values of classical antiquity.  No. Europe  change was driven by religious reform, the return to Christian values, and the revolt against the authority of the Church., More princes & kings were patrons of artists.

Characteristics of Northern Renaissance Art, The continuation of late medieval attention to details., Tendency toward realism & naturalism [less emphasis on the “classical ideal”]., Interest in landscapes., More emphasis on middle-class and peasant life., Details of domestic interiors., Great skill in portraiture.

Jan van Eyck (1395 – 1441), More courtly and aristocratic work.  Court painter to the Duke of Burgundy, Philip the Good.,  The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin, 1435.

Van Eyck -Adoration of the Lamb, Ghent Altarpiece, 1432

Van Eyck:  The Crucifixion & The Last Judgment 

Rogier van der Weyden ( ) The Deposition 1435

van der Weyden’s Deposition (details)

Quentin Massys ( ), Belonged to the humanist circle in Antwerp that included Erasmus., Influenced by da Vinci., Thomas More called him “the renovator of the old art.”, The Ugly Dutchess, 

Massys’ The Moneylender & His Wife, 1514

Renaissance Art in France, A new phase of Italian influence in France began with the French invasions of the Italian peninsula that began in 1494., The most important royal patron was Francis I.  Actively encouraged humanistic learning.  Invited da Vinci and Andrea del Sarto to France.  He collected paintings by the great Italian masters like Titian, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Jean Clouet – Portrait of Francis I, 1525

The School of Fontainebleau, It revolved around the artists at Francis I’s Palace at Fontainebleau., A group of artists that decorated the Royal Palace between the 1530s and the 1560s., It was an offshoot of the Mannerist School of Art begun in Italy at the end of the High Renaissance.  characterized by a refined elegance, with crowded figural compositions in which painting and elaborate stucco work were closely integrated.  Their work incorporated allegory in accordance with the courtly liking for symbolism.

The School of Fontainebleau, Gallery [right] by Rosso Fiorentino & Francesco Primaticcio,

Germain Pilon ( ), The Deposition of Christ, Bronze,

Jean Goujon ( ) “Nymph,” “Nymph & Putto,”

Lucas Cranach the Elder ( ), Court painter at Wittenberg from , His best portraits were of Martin Luther (to the left).

Lucas Cranach the Elder Old Man with a Young Woman Amorous Old Woman with a Young Man

Matthias Grünewald ( ), Converted to Lutheranism., Possibly involved in the Peasants’ Revolt on the peasants side., Depictions of intense emotion, especially painful emotion., The Mocking of Christ, 1503 

Matthias Grünewald’s The Crucifixion, 1502

Durer – The Triumphal Arch,

The Triumphal Arch, details

Dürer Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse woodcut, 1498

Hans Holbein, the Younger ( ), One of the great German artists who did most of his work in England., While in Basel, he befriended Erasmus.  Erasmus Writing, 1523 , Henry VIII was his patron from 1536., Great portraitist noted for:  Objectivity & detachment.  Doesn’t conceal the weaknesses of his subjects.

Artist to the Tudors Henry VIII (left), 1540 and the future Edward VI (above), 1543.

The English Were More Interested in Architecture than Painting Hardwick Hall, designed by Robert Smythson in the 1590s, for the Duchess of Shrewsbury [more medieval in style].

Burghley House for William Cecil The largest & grandest house of the early Elizabethan era.

Hieronymus Bosch The Cure of Folly

Hieronymus Bosch The Temptation of St. Anthony

Bruegel’s, Mad Meg, 1562

Bruegel’s, The Beggars, 1568

Bruegel’s, Parable of the Blind Leading the Blind, 1568

Bruegel’s, Niederlandisch Proverbs, 1559

Bruegel’s, The Triumph of Death, 1562

Bruegel’s, Hunters in the Snow, 1565

Bruegel’s, Winter Scene, 1565

Bruegel’s, The Harvesters, 1565

Domenikos Theotokopoulos (El Greco), The most important Spanish artist of this period was Greek., 1541 – 1614., He deliberately distorts & elongates his figures, and seats them in a lurid, unearthly atmosphere., He uses an agitated, flickering light., He ignores the rules of perspective, and heightens the effect by areas of brilliant color., His works were a fitting expression of the Spanish Counter-Reformation.

VI. Women during the Renaissance A. Wealthy Women 1. Querelles des Femmes (“The Problem of Women”): A new debate emerged over the proper role of women - debate cont. for 600 years!!! 2. Women enjoyed increased access to education 3. Lost status from the women of the Middle Ages 4. Women to make themselves pleasing to man (upper class only)

VI. Women cont … 5. Sexual double standard: women were to remain chaste until marriage, men permitted to “Sow their wild oats” 6. Important Ren. Women a. Christine de Pisan (1363?-1434?) The City of Ladies; The Book of Three Virtues  Chronicle of acc. Of great women in history  Women’s survival manual of the Renaissance  First feminist  Well – educated

VI. Women cont … b. Isabella d Este ( ) “First Lady” of the Renaissance  wanted women to break away, no longer to be ornaments to men  Ruled Mantua after husband died  Well educated  Patron of the arts  Founded a school for young girls  Wrote 2000 essays – provide window in to life of royalty & politics

VI. Women cont … c. Artemesia Gentilleschi  Considered a Baroque painter  First women to paint religious and historical scene

VI. Women cont … C. Peasant and lower-class women 1. Status did not change much compared to Middle Ages 2. Marriage a. European Family Pattern  Nuclear family – poor people tended to be unable to support extended families  Wealthier people tended to have extended families

VI. Women cont … b. Based on economic considerations; not love  Dowries were extremely important in wealthy families  Women tended to play a more significant role in the economy in Northern Europe c. Average age for women: less than 20 (men mid-late 20s)  Class issues: rich tend to marry earlier than middle class, poor tend to marry earlier as well  Large age gap in Italian marriages

VI. Women cont … d. Increased infanticide and abandonment (poor)  Increased of foundling hospitals (2/3 abandoned babies were girls  Low rate of illegitimate births

VI. Women cont … e. Dramatic population growth until 1650 why? -divorce b/c somewhat available -Rape not considered a serious crime -increase in prostitution C. Important Female Rulers: 1. Caterina Sforza: Milan 2. Isabella I: Spain 3. Mary I: England 4. Elizabeth I: England 5. Catherine de Medicis: France

VI. Women cont … D. Women were also persecuted as witches

VI. Women Cont., E. Joan Kelly (historian): Did Women have a Renaissance? 1977, 1. noble/middle class women social status declined during the Italian Ren., 2. Middle class women kept in private sphere while men worked outside, 3. Sexual chastity for women but not men, 4. as feudalism died so did women’s role in political power, 5. tutors-once been female changed to male…

El Greco Christ in Agony on the Cross 1600s

El Greco Portrait of a Cardinal 1600

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz,

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz, (details)

El Greco’s, The Burial of Count Orgaz,

El Greco The View of Toledo

ConclusionsConclusions, The artistic production of Northern Europe in the 16c was vast, rich, and complex., The Northern Renaissance ended with a Mannerist phase, which lasted a generation longer in the North than it did in Italy, where it was outmoded by 1600.

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife (Wedding Portrait) Jan Van Eyck 1434

Jan van Eyck - Giovanni Arnolfini & His Wife (details)

Albrecht Dürer ( ), The greatest of German artists., A scholar as well as an artist., His patron was the Emperor Maximilian I., Also a scientist  Wrote books on geometry, fortifications, and human proportions., Self-conscious individualism of the Renaissance is seen in his portraits.,  Self-Portrait at 26, 1498.

Dürer – Self-Portrait in Fur-Collared Robe, 1500

Dürer The Last Supper woodcut, 1510

Holbein’s, The Ambassadors, 1533 A Skull

Multiple Perspectives

Hieronymus Bosch ( ), A pessimistic view of human nature., Had a wild and lurid imagination.  Fanciful monsters & apparitions., Untouched by the values of the Italian Quattrocento, like mathematical perspective.  His figures are flat.  Perspective is ignored., More a landscape painter than a portraitist., Philip II of Spain was an admirer of his work.

Hieronymus Bosch The Garden of Earthy Delights 1500

Hieronymus Bosch The Garden of Earthy Delights (details) 1500

Pieter Bruegel the Elder ( ), One of the greatest artistic geniuses of his age., Worked in Antwerp and then moved to Brussels., In touch with a circle of Erasmian humanists., Was deeply concerned with human vice and follies., A master of landscapes; not a portraitist.  People in his works often have round, blank, heavy faces.  They are expressionless, mindless, and sometimes malicious.  They are types, rather than individuals.  Their purpose is to convey a message.

Bruegel’s, Tower of Babel, 1563

Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa

Leonardo da Vinci Last Supper

Brunelleschi Dome

Michelangelo “David”

Michelangelo Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Raphael “School of Athens”

Renaissance Artist Test

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