The industrial revolution “When machines replaced manual labor”

Industrial revolution Greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in mid-1700’s. IR spread from Continental Europe to North America. Surprisingly enough—the IR started with the English Agricultural Revolution

England’s Agricultural Roots Between 1700-1750 agriculture in England changed significantly. * Wealthy bought up the “common” land * To safeguard their purchase they began to “enclose” their property with fences or hedges. * The rich used technology to improve farming.

Agricultural innovations Crop Rotation

Also…. Selective breeding of livestock New farming implements and harvesting methods Better seedlings, crop choices

The effects of technology Each agricultural worker produced more food, so the proportion of the workforce in agriculture fell. To find work farmers went to the cities to work in the new area of industries which were housed in FACTORIES. In other words improved agricultural production made the industrial revolution possible

Continued….. Many would regard the industrial revolution as the beginning of the modern world. By 1850 only 22 per cent of the British workforce was in agriculture; the smallest proportion for any country in the world.

Why Britain? Large population of workers Extensive natural resources * Water power and coal to fuel machines * Iron ore to make machines, tools, buildings * Rivers for inland transportation * Harbors from which merchant ships could sail

Why else? Britain had an expanding economy. Investors put money into new inventions Britain had a highly developed banking system so people were encouraged to take out loans to invest & expand. Growing overseas trade and economic prosperity

And, finally… Britain was politically stable Domestic peace Parliament was business friendly and passed laws that protected and favored business Britain had all of the FACTORS OF PRODUCTION needed to be successful (land, labor, capital, entrepreneur’s)

Important inventions of i.r. Textile industry: Flying shuttle- replaced weavers Spinning jenny-replaced hand spinning Water-frame- replaced man power with hydropower Spinning mule-stronger, finer thread maker

Textile factory

Textiles, continued FACTORIES- large buildings that held all of this large equipment. Cotton Gin- made by American, Eli Whitney to speed up the job of removing seeds from raw cotton, which caused cotton production to go from 1.5 million pounds in 1790 to 85 million pounds in 1810.

TRANSPORTATION STEAM ENGINE- first used for cheap power in MINING. WATER TRANSPORTATION-Next, used to power boats up and down newly made canals in England. ROAD TRANSPORATION-Turnpikes (toll roads) were built.

Continued….. STEAM ENGINE LOCOMOTIVE- * The “Rocket” was the first and best locomotive to be used for commercial trans- portation. It ran on track laid between London on the coast and Manchester in Central England and could haul 13 ton loads at 24 mph.

Railroads revolutionize Spurred on industrial growth Provided cheap transportation Created jobs Boosted England's agricultural and fishing industries Encouraged people to travel: work and leisure

The effects of industry The industrial revolution eventually led to a better quality of life for most– but it also caused immense human suffering that lasted for decades.

A life changer Urbanization took place- city building and people moving to cities. Factories built in clusters near source of energy Populations exponentially increased. London, Manchester, Birmingham and Sheffield became centers of industry, growth, population and pollution

Living conditions No building plans No sanitary codes No building codes Inadequate housing No education possibilities Inadequate police, fire, sanitation workers Unpaved streets w/o drains and heaps of garbage

Health issues Tenement housing w/o light Whole families crowded into one bedroom Cholera epidemics swept through Britain's slums In 1842 average life span for working class people was 17years old.

A voice from the past “You went down one step even from the foul area into the cellar in which a family of human beings lived. It was dark. The windows were broken and filled with rags. The smell was so fetid as almost to knock the two men down.. The continued into the thick darkness to see three or four little children rolling on the damp, wet brick floor through which the stagnant filthy moisture of the street oozed up”

Boys in the mill

Boys headed for the mines

Working conditions Average worker spent 14 hrs/day on job Average work week 6 days Factories dirty and dark Machines unsafe and caused injuries Mining was unregulated and highly dangerous No “workmen’s compensation”

Class system in england Working class- lived in poverty and misery Lower middle class-factory supervisors, printers, toolmakers, drafters Middle class-neither rich nor poor; doctors, lawyers, managers of factories and shops Upper class- landowners

Age of reform The Industrial Revolution created huge gaps between the rich and the poor. The wealthy business owners were convinced that if the government stayed out of business capitalism would sort things out and eventually the poor would be better off, too.

Rich vs. poor REFORMERS were PROGRESSIVES who believed that the government had a responsibility to improve the conditions of the poor.