1J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues Module 16: Biometrics Introduction and Definitions Introduction and Definitions The Biometrics Authentication Process The Biometrics Authentication Process Biometric System Components Biometric System Components The Future of Biometrics The Future of Biometrics

2J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues Introduction A biometric is a physical or psychological trait that can be measured, recorded, and quantified. A biometric is a physical or psychological trait that can be measured, recorded, and quantified. Such traits are abundant in the human body and in access control are used to do a biometric enrollment and stored in a database. Such traits are abundant in the human body and in access control are used to do a biometric enrollment and stored in a database. Biometric technology, based on human attributes, is perhaps one of the safest and most reliable and most secure form of access control so far in use. Biometric technology, based on human attributes, is perhaps one of the safest and most reliable and most secure form of access control so far in use. Access control technologies are based on three axioms: Access control technologies are based on three axioms: Something you know – which includes all passwords and pass phrases Something you know – which includes all passwords and pass phrases Something you have – which include all physical security passes like pass cards, access cards, and all sorts of access cards. Something you have – which include all physical security passes like pass cards, access cards, and all sorts of access cards. Something you are – which includes all human attributes. This group is where biometrics fall. Something you are – which includes all human attributes. This group is where biometrics fall.

3J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues The Biometrics Authentication Process Key steps for a biometric authentication process are: Key steps for a biometric authentication process are: Image capture – using a biometric reader or scanner Image capture – using a biometric reader or scanner Image recognition – based on a standard biometric algorithm Image recognition – based on a standard biometric algorithm Template creation - again using a standard biometric algorithm and extracted features Template creation - again using a standard biometric algorithm and extracted features Matching of the templates – both the live and stored templates of the individual are compared for a match using a standard biometric algorithm. Matching of the templates – both the live and stored templates of the individual are compared for a match using a standard biometric algorithm.

4J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues A standard biometric authentication comprises the following functional units: A standard biometric authentication comprises the following functional units: Sensor device a reader or scanner to acquire the biometric raw data from the individual. The reader or scanner can capture images from a fingerprint, a face, an iris, or a sound from a microphone. Readers or scanners at this stage may do some limited preprocessing without introducing foreign information or creating redundancy Sensor device a reader or scanner to acquire the biometric raw data from the individual. The reader or scanner can capture images from a fingerprint, a face, an iris, or a sound from a microphone. Readers or scanners at this stage may do some limited preprocessing without introducing foreign information or creating redundancy Feature extraction to extract traits used in the creation of the template Feature extraction to extract traits used in the creation of the template Matcher to compare the live template with the stored reference template Matcher to compare the live template with the stored reference template Reference archive for storing the biometric reference templates Reference archive for storing the biometric reference templates

5J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues Biometric System Components The components of a biometric system are: The components of a biometric system are: Data Acquisition Data Acquisition Enrolments Enrolments Signal Processing Signal Processing Decision Policy Decision Policy

6J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues Types of Biometric Technologies Biometric technologies confirm a person's identity by scanning physical characteristics. Biometric technologies confirm a person's identity by scanning physical characteristics. These traits include: These traits include: Finger Biometrics - involves taking an individual’s fingerprints Finger Biometrics - involves taking an individual’s fingerprints Hand Geometry -Hand features are extracted and taken as the defining feature vector of the user's hand Hand Geometry -Hand features are extracted and taken as the defining feature vector of the user's hand Face Biometrics – are distinctive features of the subject’s face Face Biometrics – are distinctive features of the subject’s face Voice Biometrics - individual voice components called phonemes. Voice Biometrics - individual voice components called phonemes. Handwriting Analysis - a person's specific features from his/her handwriting Handwriting Analysis - a person's specific features from his/her handwriting

7J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues Iris Biometrics - the features that exist in the colored tissue surrounding the pupil of the subject’s eye. Iris Biometrics - the features that exist in the colored tissue surrounding the pupil of the subject’s eye. Retina - unique pattern of blood vessels with distinctive traits in a human eye Retina - unique pattern of blood vessels with distinctive traits in a human eye

8J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues Biometric Performance The measure of performance of a biometric is based on three concepts: The measure of performance of a biometric is based on three concepts: false accept rate (FAR) false accept rate (FAR) false non match or reject rate (FRR), false non match or reject rate (FRR), failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER). failure to enroll rate (FTE or FER). Biometric performance is commonly the rate at which both accept and reject errors are equal. Biometric performance is commonly the rate at which both accept and reject errors are equal. This rate is referred to as the equal error rate (EER). This rate is referred to as the equal error rate (EER). We want EER to be as low as possible for a good biometric algorithm We want EER to be as low as possible for a good biometric algorithm

9J. M. Kizza - Ethical And Social Issues The Future of Biometrics With increasing miniaturalization, price reduction, easy of use, less intrusive, and more invasiveness, the future of biometric technology seem bright than ever before. With increasing miniaturalization, price reduction, easy of use, less intrusive, and more invasiveness, the future of biometric technology seem bright than ever before.