Zoonosis Muhammad Aamir Farooq

DEFINITIONS ZOO-NOSON Concepts DDX=Differential definition LOLx Anthroponosis/reverse zoonosis Xenozoonosis Epizootic and epidemic Endemic

Etiological classification VIRAL ZOONOSIS: avian influenza,BSE PARASITIC ZOONOSIS: - Protozoal infections :toxoplasmosis, sarcocystiosis, Worms:trematode(F. and C), Nematodes(trichinella), cestodes(taeniosis). MYCOTIC ZOONOSIS: ringworm BACTERIAL ZOONOSIS

Bacterial cont.. high incidence rate Campylobacter Salmonella Yersinia Verotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Others Brucella,Tubercullosis

Cont.. highest severity Listeria monocytogenes, Clostridium botulinum and Mycobacterium spp. 3 main high risk harzards Y. enterocolitica, S. enterica and Campylobacter spp

People at risk Vets Abattoir workers Poultry workers Livestock workers consumers  Type of contacts Direct and indirect

LINK between farms and abattoirs

Types Direct Indirect Vector borne

Direct Transmission Direct Contact by bite or scratch. Direct contact by handling of animal. Direct infection by ingestion of animal product.

Indirect Transmission Ingestion in contaminated water and food Indirect infection by contaminated fluids such as feces, milk. Indirect infection by the contaminated soil or water.

Vector borne Transmission Mosquito-borne infection Tick borne infection Fleas Flies Lice

Foodborne outbreaks ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ Cryptosporidiosis, Leptospirosis, Lyme borreliosis ● Brucellosis, E. coli 0157, Salmonellosis  BSE ● ● ● ● ●● ●● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●  ● ● ●         Reference: WHO

Foodborne bacteria Salmonella (multidrug resistant strain) Campylobacter jejuni E. coli O157:H7 S. aureus MRSA Yersinia enterocolitica Bacillus anthracis Clostridium (C.) perfringens C. botulinum

SALMONELLA Commonly found in all reptile species – Human infections from poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs – 5 million cases of food poisoning every year –In humans, symptoms develop within 6-72 hours Diarrhea, fever, cramping, bloating, vomiting Symptoms last about a week

Campylobacter Campylobacter coli & Campylobacter fetus Present in milk, meat of beef animal Also present in eggs of poultry. Undercooked food is the problem Incubation period 1-10 days Fever, Gastroenteritis, abdominal pain, cramps, diarrhea, vomiting Can last up to 10 days Complications; septicemia, arthritis.

Campylobacter jejuni

E. coli most strains are harmless and live in the intestines of healthy humans and animals. this strain produces a powerful toxin and can cause severe illness. It was first recognized as a cause of illness in 1982 during an outbreak of severe bloody diarrhea; the outbreak was traced to contaminated hamburgers. eating undercooked ground beef. Meat can become contaminated during slaughter, and organisms can be thoroughly mixed into beef when itis ground. Bacteria present on the cow's udders or on equipment may get into raw milk.

Cont………… 0157:H7 strain is basically responsible Complication may be ‘Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome’

Staph. Areus Multiplies in cooked meat Produce Toxins Gastroentritis Incubation period 3-4 days Heat Resistant toxins Symptoms disappear in 24 hrs

Yersinia spp. Acute painful Gastroenteritis, mesenteric adenitis, arthritis, acute appendicitis. Fish and Poultry Fecal oral transmission Incubation period 2-6 days. Ingestion of contaminated meat.

Anthrax 95% in human are cutaneous anthrax infection cases Incubation period 1-5 days Small, pruritic non-painful papules, septicimia 20% mortality

Gastrointestinal Anthrax Also called ingestion anthrax 100 % fatal Hemorrhagic ascites, abdominal pain Transmitted by ingestion of contaminated meat.

C. perfringens Spores affect meat Toxins are produced. Incubation period 8-24 hrs Fever, gastroenteritis

C. botulinum Saprophytic, can’t produce disease. Heat resistant toxins are produced Sever constipation, neurological signs, paralysis, muscular weakness. Undercooked food. 10 μg toxin can kill an adult person

Antibiotic resistance It’s a global concern of the antibiotic resistance of major foodborne pathogens such as; Salmonella Typhimurium DT 104 Campylobacter spp. Listeria monocytogenes E. coli O157:H7 Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Enterococcus (VRE)

Giardiasis Protozoan disease Cattle, buffalo, Horse, Pig Transmission by ingestion Incubation period 3 days- 6 weeks Nausea, headache, anorexia, fever, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss.

Echinoccosis (E.) Herbivores are intermediate hosts. Human may be intermediate or final host. Signs intermediate host:  Cysts in liver, enlarged liver, abdominal pain, fever, anemia, jaundice. Signs in final host:  Weakness, anorexia, enlarged abdomen, may be death.

Avian Influenza H5N1 highly pathogenic strain of this virus. poultry Raw and undercooked poultry and poultry products. In human fever, sour throat, cough, muscle aches, eye infection, and pneumonia.

Newcastle Disease Avian paramyxovirus-1 Birds Ingestion of contaminated meat. Conjunctivitis, mild flu.

Hantavirus Black creek canal virus Deer Transmission by ingestion of contaminated meat. Incubation period 1-5 weeks Fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, vomiting, severe respiratory problems and possibly death.

Farm to table; main contamination points

Control of Foodborne Disease From farm to table approach Implementation of HACCP

Public Health Approach Epidemiology for earlier diagnosis Early response to outbreaks Provide to disease patterns changing Public health lab. support for rapid and accurate diagnosis Rapid communication links Communication to public Education on prevention and/or detection

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