Intro to Remote Sensing Lecture 1

What is remote sensing Remote Sensing: remote sensing is science of acquiring, processing, and interpreting images and related data that are obtained from ground-based, air-or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between matter (target) and electromagnetic radiation. Remote Sensing: using electromagnetic spectrum to image the land, ocean, and atmosphere. In this class, we will mostly focus on the principles and techniques for data collection and the interaction of electromagnetic energy with the Earth's surface some application examples also you will get familiar with ENVI, an image processing software. interaction is determined by the physical properties of the matter, and wavelength of electromagnetic energy that is remotely sensed.

Electromagnetic Spectrum When you listen to the radio, watch TV, or cook dinner in a microwave oven, you are using electromagnetic waves. Source: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/DIAL.html

What we measure in remote sensing? 1 2 3 4 5 7 shrub keep more energy

http://www.asdi.com/ In-Situ scale measurements

Solar radiation

Many more: Temperature Soil moisture Mineral and rock types Rainfall Snow cover, snow depth or snow water equivalent Vegetation type and biomass Sea ice properties (concentration, thickness, extent, area) Elevation and change Aerosol, gas types and concentration You might name a few more?

Remote sensing platforms launch 1972, Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ 1999, NASA flagship satellite “Terra” with 5 state-of-the-art sensors for studying the Earth’s atmosphere, land, ocean, life, and radiation 1999, the first high-resolution commercial satellite IKONOS Ground-based Airplane-based Satellite-based

NASA Research Spacecraft

Busy Traffic Data acquisition

Applications of National Priority Agricultural Efficiency Air Quality Water Management Disaster Management Carbon Aviation Ecological Forecasting Invasive Species Coastal Management Homeland Security Energy Management Public Health

History of Remote Sensing Aerial photography is the original form of remote sensing (using visible spectrum) started in 1909 Aerial photographic reconnaissance was widely used after 1915 in WWI. Photogrammetric Engineering, the official monthly publication of the American Society of Photogrammetry, was first published in 1934. Color infrared photography began 1931, then was widely used in agriculture and forestry. Development of radar (1930-1940). During WWII, non-visible spectrum (infrared and radar) were used as tools in remote sensing. After the first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched on 4 October 1957 by Soviet Union, remote sensing moved to outer space, ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. The United States' Explorer 6 transmitted the first space photograph of the Earth in August 1959. The first systematic meteorological satellite observation came with the launch of the United States' TIROS 1 in 1960. Landsat 1 (originally called the Earth Resources Technology Satellite or ERTS) was the first satellite to collect data on the Earth's natural resources. It was launched on 23 July 1972. Hyperspectral remote sensing emerged (1980s), widely used in mineral, oil, etc. exploration. Since then, a large number and advanced types of remote sensing systems have been developed.

Research Systems to Operational Systems Imaging and Sounding SeaWiFS Terra Aqua NPP NPOESS Solar Irradiance, Ozone, and Aerosols In operation ACRIMsat SORCE Glory NPOESS Under Development SAGE III AURA NPP NPOESS In Formulation Observation Tech Development Atmospheric Composition UARS AURA TBD Ocean Surface Topography Jason OSTM NOAA/EUMETSAT * Canceled flight mission; gleaning technology for GOES-R Land Cover/Land Use Change Landsat 7 LDCM Operational NPOESS GIFTS* GOES Tech Tropo Winds TBD Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation NCEP Data Assim Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center NWS NASA & NOAA jointly funding NRC studies on improving transition

From Terra, Aqua to NPP to JPSS NPP (2011, Oct) CrIS/ATMS VIIRS OMPS Terra (1999) Aqua (2002) AIRS, AMSU & MODIS Coriolis (2003) WindSat METOP (2006) IASI/AMSU/MHS & AVHRR JPSS/ (2016, 2019) CrIS/ATMS, VIIRS, CMIS, OMPS & ERBS Use of Advanced Sounder Data for Improved Weather Forecasting & Numerical Weather Prediction NOAA Real-Time Data Delivery Timeline Ground Station Scenario NWS/NCEP GSFC/DAO ECMWF UKMO FNMOC Meteo-France BMRC-Australia Met Serv Canada NOAA Real-time User NWP Forecasts C3S IDPS Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation

NPOESS, JPSS, and NPP NPP and NPOESS have a long, complicated history The tri-agency NPOESS partnership (DOD, NOAA, NASA) has been dissolved “NPOESS” is no more The NOAA-NASA partnership continues under the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) – afternoon platform series DOD is continuing alone -- early morning platform series NASA’s NPP mission has not changed its name – it is still the NPOESS Preparatory Project. The roles and responsibilities of the NPP Science Team have not changed (at its core, the primary work remains EDR evaluation and related algorithm improvements for climate science!)

NPP Goals The NPP mission has two major goals: To provide a continuation of the EOS record of climate-quality observations after EOS Terra, Aqua, and Aura (i.e., it will extend key Earth system data records and/or climate data records of equal or better quality and uncertainty in comparison to those of the Terra, Aqua, and Aura sensors), and To provide risk reduction for JPSS instruments, algorithms, ground data processing, archive, and distribution prior to the launch of the first JPSS spacecraft (but note that there are now plans to use NPP data operationally)

NPOESS no more

The greatest canyon on Mars: Valles Marineris

Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (1) High spatial resolution - IKONOS launched in 1999 by Space Imaging (4 m multi-spectral and 1 m panchromatic) - QuickBird launched in 2001 by DIGITALGLOBE (2.44 m multi-spectral and 61 cm panchromatic) High spectral resolution - AVIRIS, 10nm and 20 m, 224 bands - Hyperion launched in 2000, 10nm and 30m, 220 bands High radiometric resolution - 8 bits to 12 bits High temporal resolution - GOES 15-30 minutes - NEXRAD 6 or 10 minutes National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System

Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (2) Globe coverage, high repeatability (or improved temporal resolution) - AVHRR, 1100m, morning or afternoon - MODIS, 250-1000m, morning or afternoon - NPOESS (will be launched in 2013), 370-740m, 4 hours Real-time or near real-time availability - MODIS available online in the second day ? - NEXRAD available online in 6 minutes - NPOESS available online in 15 minutes Cost free or affordable - Most of the federal collected images are free available or lower cost, while commercial high resolution images are affordable. Integrated remote sensing and GIS - Remote sensing applications with the support of GIS - Remote sensing data as a major GIS data source National Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite System

Major image processing software ENVI/IDL: http://www.rsinc.com/ ERDAS Imagine: http://www.gis.leica-geosystems.com/Products/Imagine/ PCI Geomatics: http://www.pci.on.ca/ ER Mapper: http://www.ermapper.com/ INTEGRAPH: http://imgs.intergraph.com/gimage/ IDRIS: Ecognition: http://www.definiens-imaging.com/ecognition/pro/40.htm See5 and decision tree