; and :

SEMICOLONS Used to join two independent clauses Just like the comma, a semicolon can join to independent clauses. Examples: The Wright brothers read books about flying, and they dreamed of building a flying machine. The Wright brothers read books about flying; they dreamed of building a flying machine.

More examples Their first flight lasted just 12 seconds, for the plane traveled only 120 feet. Their first flight lasted just 12 seconds; the plane traveled only 120 feet. The Wright brothers’ first flight lasted just 12 seconds; the plane had a 40-foot wing span. Why is this sentence wrong? Why can’t you use a semicolon in this sentence? FAN BOYS

Using semicolons to avoid confusion When the items in a series already contain several commas, semicolons can be used to make a sentence easier to read. Semicolons are placed at the end of all but the last complete item in the series.

Example The fans, cheering loudly; the band, playing a rousing march; and the cheerleaders, turning cartwheels, helped inspire the team to play well. The fans, cheering loudly; the band, playing a rousing march; and the cheerleaders, turning cartwheels, helped inspire the team to play well. Items in the series are in red. The descriptions for those items are in blue.

Ex planning; therefore, 2. failure; for example, American plans to send a man into space required careful planning therefore, the process took several years. 2. Precautions were taken in case of a failure for example, an ejection seat was designed.

Ex NASA has many facilities, including the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Merritt Island, Florida; the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Flight Center, Houston, Texas; and the George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama. Three detailed items- needs two semicolons

Use a colon before a list of items following an independent clause.

Examples Sandor’s model airplane collection included many different items: a Piper Cub, a P-51 Mustang, a Heinkel Salamander, and a Spitfire.

Not correct use of the colon The magazine included: an article on model planes, a column about radio controls, and a ballooning poster. You can NOT use a colon after a verb. This is a verb.

Also not correct Features in the magazine were on: model planes, radio controls, and ballooning. You can not have a colon after a preposition. This is a preposition!

The correct way Some features in the magazine were the following: an article on model planes, a column about radio controls, and a poster on ballooning.

Ex things: racing Hot-air balloons were used for many things racing, exploration, weather forecasting, and recreation.

Colons in special situation Numbers giving time 12:25 p.m. 3:00 a.m. Salutations in a Business Letter Gentlemen: Ladies: Dear Ms. Brown: Labels Used to Signal Important words Caution: High Voltage Warning: Trespassers will be prosecuted.

Ex. 35 Change in directions: Just write the items that require the colon. 1. 6:30 p.m. 2. Caution: 3. Braun:

Ex and 34-35

Section Review Ex. 37 Write the word- then the ; then the word that follows 1. box; as a result Ex. 38- must write out passage Ex. 39- just write the word and the colon

Ex. 31, 32, 34, 35 Section Review Ex planning; therefore, Ex. 32- write out sentences Ex things: racing Ex :30 p.m. Ex. 37 Write the word- then the ; then the word that follows 1. box; as a result Ex. 38- must write out passage Ex. 39- just write the word and the colon