Chapter 1 Reading Quiz What is the lowest level of matter? What type of organism is the only known prokaryote? What is the basic unit of structure & function within an organism? In what year was the “rough draft” of the human genome published? What is considered to be the core theme of biology?
1. Diagram the hierarchy of structural levels in biology from atoms to organism, and population to biosphere.
2. Explain the concept of “emergent properties” and list a few examples. Order (organization) Reproduction Growth & Development Energy utilization Response to environment Homeostasis (regulation) Evolutionary adaptation With each step up in biological hierarchy, new properties EMERGE that were not there at simpler levels
3. What is reductionism? Why is it used in Biology? Holism The principle that a higher level of order cannot be meaningfully explained by examining parts alone Look at the ‘WHOLE’ Reductionism A complex system can be understood by studying it’s component parts Look at the ‘REDUCED PARTS’
4. Explain how the invention of microscopes contributed to the formulation of the cell theory and our current knowledge of the cell. Microscopes allowed us to see microorganisms, cells, and the complex structure of cells. Cell Theory: 1. all cells come from other cells 2. cells dividing is the basis for all reproduction and growth
5. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Lacks membrane-bound organelles Small Circular DNA Probable first cells Ex: Bacteria, Archaea Eukaryotic Has membrane-bound nucleus and organelles Much larger than prokaryotes Strand DNA Ex: Protist, Plant, Fungi and Animal cells
6. Explain, in your own words, what is meant by “form fits function”. Biological structure gives clues about what it does and how it works Knowing a structure’s function gives insights about its construction
7. List the six kingdoms of life and distinguish among them. Domain Bacteria Domain Archaea Domain Eukarya Kingdom: Protista Kingdom: Plantae Kingdom: Fungi Kingdom: Animalia
8. Briefly describe how Charles Darwin’s ideas contributed to biology. Descent with modification (changes over long periods of time) Natural selection (the environment chooses what will survive to reproduce)
Outline the scientific method Outline the scientific method. (the series of steps used to answer questions) Observing Hypothesizing Collecting data Publishing results Forming a theory Developing new hypotheses Revising the theory
10. Distinguish between inductive and deductive reasoning. Making an inference from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion Specific General Deductive Making an inference from general premises to specific consequences, which logically follow if the premises are true General Specific
11. Explain how science and technology are interdependent. Technology allows scientists to work on new things Science, then, allows for new information that makes new inventions possible