Levels of cellular organization Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism

Cells Prokaryotic Bacteria Eukaryotic Animal Plant

Division of Cells Eukaryotic Cells Literally means “True nucleus” Have a ________ _______ Cells Have membrane-bound __________ Organisms made of eukaryotic cells are called “________” Examples: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Unicellular organisms like paramecium and amoeba

Cellular Components Cytoplasm Cytoskeleton ___-_____ substance ______ the cell where organelles are found Cytoskeleton “Cell skeleton” Network of _______ fibers that maintain the ______ and structure of cell Composed of three networks of fibers Microtubules: _______; hollow tubes made of protein; determine cell shape; scaffolding ______________ Filaments: Provide strength of cell Actin Filaments: ________; contractile string-like proteins that allow for cell ________

Cellular Components Cell Membrane Cell Wall ______-permeable barrier that _________ the cell Regulates what _____ and ______ the cell Provides protection Found in ____ types of cells Cell Wall Porous, ______ barrier found _________ the ____ ________ Adds additional layer of support and protection _____ found in _______ cells

Organelles Nucleus Houses the ______ material (DNA) needed for replication of the cell “______ Center” of the cell Contains the instructions for the creation of proteins (made from DNA) Exterior: Surrounded by nuclear envelope: double-layered ________ that encloses the DNA; contains nuclear pores: small ________ that allow for the passage of molecules between the _________ and the _______ Interior: DNA in the form of ___________ (string-like) Nucleolus: where ribosomes are made; very _______ region

Organelles Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosomes A grouping of sac-like structures _____ types of ER: ______ ER: contain ribosomes (creating ‘rough’ appearance); involved in the process of _______ synthesis ______ ER: no ribosomes; involved in ______ synthesis Ribosomes Location where _______ are made (protein synthesis)

Organelles Golgi Apparatus Looks like a stack of membranes (pancake-like appearance) Modifies, ____, and _______proteins received from the ER. Break off from the golgi apparatus; float ________ in the cell or travel to _______________where it will eventually___the cell. Creation of _____________

Organelles Lysosomes Contain _______ necessary for_______ of cell food or waste Can break down lipids, carbs, proteins Digest non-functional organelles, ‘_______ ___’ the cell

Organelles Vacuoles Sac-like structure responsible for _______ of various materials (e.g. water, carbs, proteins, etc.)

Organelles Mitochondria The “___________” of the cell Convert _____ energy into energy that is used by the _____ itself (for growth, development, movement, etc.) via cellular respiration ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) _________ structure

Organelles Chloroplast Site of _____________ Energy from ____ is captured and converted into chemical energy Contain the pigment ________ which absorbs solar energy used in photosynthesis Responsible for the ______ color of plants

Organelles Centrioles Made of ______________ Located ______ nucleus ___________ microtubules within the cytoskeleton prior to cell division