CIRCULATION

CIRCULATION THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ASSOCIATES INTIMATELY WITH ALL BODY TISSUES CIRCULATORY SYSTEM A SYSTEM OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT; TRANSPORTS OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE, DISTRIBUTES NUTRIENTS TO BODY CELLS, AND CONVEYS THE WASTE PRODUCTS OF METABOLISM TO SPECIFIC SITES FOR DISPOSAL

CIRCULATION SEVERAL TYPES OF INTERNAL TRANSPORT HAVE EVOLVED IN ANIMALS SIMPLE ANIMALS HAVE NO TRUE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (WHY DON’T THEY NEED ONE??) EX. HYDRA BLOOD SPECIALIZED CIRCULATORY FLUID FOUND IN MORE COMPLEX ANIMALS TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

CIRCULATION TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS

CIRCULATION TWO BASIC TYPES OF SYSTEMS OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM BLOOD LEAVES THE VESSELS AND BATH THE CELLS DIRECTLY (EX. GRASSHOPPER) CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (A.K.A. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM) CONSISTS OF A HEART AND TUBE-LIKE VESSELS; THE BLOOD IS ALWAYS CONFINED TO THESE VESSELS (EX. FISH, HUMANS)

CIRCULATION CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM THREE KINDS OF VESSELS ARTERIES CARRY BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART ARTERIOLES  SMALL VESSELS, OFF ARTERIES, THAT GIVE RISE TO CAPILLARIES VEINS CARRY BLOOD TO THE HEART VENULES  RESULT OF CONVERGING CAPILLARIES THAT EVENTUALLY FORM VEINS CAPILLARIES CONVEY BLOOD BETWEEN ARTERIES AND VEINS WITHIN EACH ORGAN CAPILLARY BEDS  NETWORKS OF CAPILLARIES THAT INFILTRATE EVERY ORGAN AND TISSUE IN THE BODY

CIRCULATION VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS REFLECT EVOLUTION

CIRCULATION VERTEBRATE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS PULMONARY CIRCUIT CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE GAS EXCHANGE TISSUES IN THE LUNGS SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT CARRIES BLOOD BETWEEN THE HEART AND THE REST OF THE BODY

CIRCULATION HUMAN HEART AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM TYPIFY THOSE OF MAMMALS

CIRCULATION *VAVA L VAVA* FOLLOWING THE PATH OF BLOOD RIGHT VENTRICLE *PULMONARY ARTERIES* CAPILLARIES IN LUNGS *PULMONARY VEIN* LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE AORTA ARTERIES BRANCH OFF AORTA SUPERIOR VENA CAVA / INFERIOR VENA CAVA RIGHT ATRIUM *VAVA L VAVA*

CIRCULATION THE STRUCTURE OF BLOOD VESSELS FITS THEIR FUNCTION ARTERIES THICKEST VEINS VALVES CAPILLARIES THINNEST

CIRCULATION THE HEART CONTRACTS AND RELAXES RHYTHMICALLY CARDIAC CYCLE A COMPLETE SEQUENCE OF FILLING AND PUMPING OF THE HEART DIASTOLE ENTIRE HEART IS RELAXED; BLOOD FLOWS INTO ALL FOUR CHAMBERS AV VALVES ARE OPEN, ALLOWING BLOOD TO GO FROM ATRIUM TO VENTRICLES SYSTOLE BRIEF CONTRACTION THAT FORCES ALL BLOOD INTO VENTRICLES (0.1 SEC) VENTRICLES CONTRACT FOR ABOUT 0.3 SEC, CLOSING AV VALVES AND OPENING SEMI-LUNAR VALVES WHICH PUMPS BLOOD INTO ARTERIES

CIRCULATION THE HEART CONTRACTS AND RELAXES RHYTHMICALLY CARDIAC OUTPUT THE VOLUME OF BLOOD PER MINUTE THAT THE LEFT VENTRICLE PUMPS INTO THE SYSTEMIC CIRCUIT VALVES PREVENT BACKFLOW AND KEEP BLOOD FLOWING IN RIGHT DIRECTION RESPONSIBLE FOR “LUB-DUB” SOUND HEART MAKES WHEN DEFECTIVE, RESULTS IN A MURMUR EXTRA HEART SOUNDS

CIRCULATION THE PACEMAKER SETS THE TEMPO OF THE HEARTBEAT

CIRCULATION THE PACEMAKER SETS THE TEMPO OF THE HEARTBEAT PACEMAKER  A.K.A. SA (SINOATRIAL) NODE; SPECIALIZED REGION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE THAT MAINTAINS THE HEARTS PUMPING RHYTHYM BY SETTING THE RATE AT WHICH ALL THE MUSCLE CELLS OF THE HEART CONTRACT PACEMAKER GENERATES ELECTRICAL SIGNALS SIGNALS SPREAD THROUGHOUT ATRIA; 0.1 SEC TO REACH AV (ATRIOVENTRICULAR) NODE SPECIALIZED MUSCLE FIBERS RELAY SIGNALS AND CAUSE VENTRICLE CONTRACTION THAT PUMPS BLOOD ARTIFICIAL PACEMAKER A TINY ELECTRONIC DEVICE SURGICALLY IMPLANTED NEAR THE AV NODE; EMIT ELECTRICAL SIGNALS THAT TRIGGER NORMAL HEARTBEATS

CIRCULATION WHAT IS A HEART ATTACK? HEART ATTACK FAILURE OF THE HEART TO FUNCTION PROPERLY; DUE TO LACK OF OXYGEN BEING DELIVERED TO CARDIAC CELLS CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE DISEASES OF HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS; ACCOUNTS FOR 40% OF ALL DEATHS IN U.S. ATHERIOSCLEROSIS GROWTH OF PLAQUE DEVELOPS ON THE INNER WALLS OF THE ARTERIES, NARROWING THE PASSAGES THROUGH WHICH BLOOD CAN FLOW

CIRCULATION BLOOD EXERTS PRESSURE ON VESSEL WALLS BLOOD PRESSURE PULSE THE FORCE THAT BLOOD EXERTS AGAINST THE WALLS OF OUR BLOOD VESSELS PULSE THE RHYTHMIC STRETCHING OF THE ARTERIES

CIRCULATION MEASURING BLOOD PRESSURE CAN REVEAL CARDIOVASCULAR PROBLEMS HYPERTENSION HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE; MAY INDICATE A SEVERE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE

CIRCULATION SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTROLS THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD SPHINCTERS EXIST THAT LIMIT BLOOD FLOW THROUGH CAPILLARY BEDS IF BLOOD IS NOT NEEDED IN THOSE AREAS (EX. DIGESTIVE TRACT DURING EXERCISE)

CIRCULATION CAPILLARIES ALLOW THE TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES THROUGH THEIR WALLS THE THIN WALLS MAKE THIS THE ONLY VESSEL WHERE TRANSFER OF SUBSTANCES CAN TAKE PLACE

CIRCULATION BLOOD CONSISTS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA

CIRCULATION BLOOD CONSISTS OF CELLS SUSPENDED IN PLASMA ADULT HUMAN ON AVERAGE HAS 4 – 6 LITERS OF BLOOD 4 PARTS TO BLOOD PLASMA RED BLOOD CELLS WHITE BLOOD CELLS PLATELETS

CIRCULATION PLASMA LIQUID MADE UP OF 90% WATER, 10% INORGANIC SALTS 55% OF BLOOD IS PLASMA WORKS TO MAINTAIN OSMOTIC BALANCE AND PH

CIRCULATION RED BLOOD CELLS A.K.A. ERYTHROCYTES MOST NUMEROUS BLOOD CELLS LACK NUCLEI AND MITOCHONDRIA FORMED IN BONE MARROW CYCLE FOR 3-4 MONTHS BEFORE BROKEN DOWN AND RECYCLED IN THE LIVER *ANEMIA* AN ABNORMALLY LOW AMOUNT OF HEMOGLOBIN OR A LOW NUMBER OF RED BLOOD CELLS

CIRCULATION WHITE BLOOD CELLS A.K.A. LEUKOCYTES HELP DEFEND THE BODY 5 TYPES BASOPHILS RELEASE CHEMICALS TO FIGHT INFECTION NEUTROPHILS PHAGOCYTES MONOCYTES EOSINOPHILS KILL PARASITIC WORMS, HELP REDUCE ALLERGIES; NOT FULLY UNDERSTAND LYMPHOCYTES KEY CELL IN IMMUNITY WILL DISCUSS IN MORE DETAIL DURING “IMMUNE SYSTEM”

CIRCULATION PLATELETS BITS OF CYTOPLASM PINCHED OFF FROM LARGE CELLS IN THE BONE MARROW IMPORTANT IN BLOOD CLOTTING

CIRCULATION BLOOD CLOTTING PLATELETS AND THE PLASMA PROTEIN FIBRINOGEN ACT AS SEALANTS PROTHROMBIN IS CONVERTED TO THROMBIN WHICH CONVERTS FIBRINOGEN TO FIBRIN FIBRIN THREAD-LIKE PROTEIN THAT TRAPS BLOOD CELLS; FORMING PATCH UNTIL CONNECTIVE TISSUE CAN HEAL CLOTTING MECHANISM DEFECTS CAN BE SERIOUS HEMOPHILIA THROMBOSIS CLOTS WHEN THERE IS NO INJURY

CIRCULATION STEM CELLS OFFER A POTENTIAL CURE FOR LEUKEMIA AND OTHER BLOOD CELL DISEASES STEM CELLS UNSPECIALIZED CELLS LEUKEMIA CANCER OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LEUKOCYTES)

CIRCULATION SPEAKING OF DISEASES…HOW DOES THE HUMAN BODY PROTECT ITSELF?? THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS NEXT!!!