Air Quality: Status And Classification Of Cities Based On Indicators 8 h December, 2004 at BAQ-2004, Agra T S Panwar & Sumit Sharma TERI, New Delhi

Causal Factors Increase in Urban Population ( ) –Urban agglomerates: 23 to 35 cities –Urban Population: 218 to 285 million –% Share: 25.7 to 27.8% Increase in Vehicles –Total vehicles(2002) : 59 million –Personal vehicles : 83% Industrial Activity –Out of 2155 industries, 1877 have provided pollution control equipments, 225 are closed & 53 are still defaulting –Small-scale sector is poorly equipped to handle the pollution & many of them are located in densely populated areas. Power generation –Poor quality coal Domestic and commercial sources –Use of polluting fuels like coal, biomass, etc. in slums –Use of DG sets due to frequent power cuts

Ambient Air Quality Monitoring NAMP- National Air Monitoring Program (CPCB) comprises of 295 stations covering 98 cities/towns. 4 criteria air pollutants viz. SO 2, NO X, SPM and RSPM are regularly monitored. CONTENTS Ambient AQ status & trend analysis of selected cities (27) for the period –Urban agglomerates –Other smaller cities –Industrial cities Indicator analysis: Ambient AQ status of all cities (77) for which data is available during –Air Quality Index –Exceedence Indicator

Categorization Urban agglomerates- Top 10 urban agglomerates based on 2001 census data that are the most urbanized and highly populated cities of the country: Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Pune, Kanpur, Ahmedabad & Surat. Other smaller cities- Other important cities, which are less populated & urbanised than the above category. Chandigarh, Dehradun, Faridabad, Howrah, Baroda, Mysore, Cochin, Bhopal, Jaipur, Shimla & Agra. Industrial cities- Cities exhibiting high degree of industrialization. Talcher, Dhanbad, Jharia, Kota, Anpara & Gajroula.

Status- Urban Agglomerates

Status- Smaller Cities

Industrial Cites

Industrial Cities

Trends- Urban Agglomerates

Air Quality Index 0-25Clean Air26-50Light Air Pollution 51-75Moderate Air Pollution76-100Heavy Air Pollution >100Severe Air Pollution

Air Quality Index. Classification of cities as per AQI-2002 Severe Pollution – Jodhpur, Agra, Kanpur, Alwar, Kolkata, Anpara, Lucknow, Dehradoon, Pune, Delhi, Raipur, Faridabad, Rajkot, Gajraula, Sindri, Gobindgarh, Solapur, Howrah, Varanasi, Jamshedpur, Yamuna Nagar, Jamnagar, Jharia Heavy Pollution- Ahmedabad, Baroda, Bhilai, Chandigarh, Chandrapur, Jaipur, Jalandhar, Kota, Patna, Surat, Udaipur, Vapi Moderate Pollution-Nagpur, Angul, Nasik, Ankleshwar, Panaji, Bangalore, Paonta Sahib, Chennai, Parwanoo, Coimbatore, Rourkela, Damtal, Talcher, Guwahati, Vasco, Hyderabad, Vishakapatnam, Korba, Madurai, Mumbai, Mysore Low Pollution-Cochin, Haldia, Khozikode, Shillong, Pallakad, Pondicherry, Raygada, Salem, Tuticorin Clean Air-??

Exceedence Indicator SO2NOx SPM

Conclusions Despite many measures taken in recent years, urban AQ still remains a serious cause for concern. SPM & RSPM concentrations are alarmingly high in many cities. % of monitoring stations violating the respective area-wise annual average standards for SPM have gone up from 49% in 1998 to 55% in Overall in 2002, 83% of the cities violated the residential area AQ standard for SPM. % of cities in the “severe” and “heavy” air quality index categories, have increased from 50 to 53% during the period In 2002, 35 cities fall under “severe” and “heavy” air quality index categories. The air quality trend analysis for various pollutants does not indicate any significant improvement. Thus, besides consolidating the ongoing programmes, new initiatives need to be formulated for tackling air pollution.