Characteristics and Challenges of Chinese Higher Education Wu Xiaofeng Chen Xin Wen Dongmao

Outline Brief Introduction to China Characteristics of Chinese HE Challenges

Part 1: Brief Introduction to China

A Big Country with Disparity Long History and Civilization A Developing Country

Population: 1.3 Billion – Four times more than the US, Land Area: 9.6 Million Square Kilometers – the Similar Land Size with US GDP Per Capital In $ 3100 – 1/10 of USA

West Area Central Area East Area % of Land 4% of Population 36% of Land 96% of Population Hu HuanYong Line （黑河 —— 腾冲）

Developing the growth of GDP per capita

Part 2 Some Characteristics of Chinese HE Part 2 Some Characteristics of Chinese HE Biggest Expanding Stratification Privatization

1, The Biggest HE System Basic Statistics of HE in China (2007) – HEIs: 2321 Regular: 1908 –Four year University: 740 Private: 29 –2-3 year college: 1168 Private: 247 Informal: 413 – Faculty & staff: 1.97 million Faculty: 1.17 Million

Basic Statistics of HE in China (2007) – Total Enrolment: 27 M. Regular: 20 M. –Post graduate: 1.2M. –Undergraduate : M. Informal : 5.24 M Other: self-study – Gross Enrolment Rate: 23%

2 、 Rapidly Expanding System: New Enrollments – ,0M. – ,8m. – 2007 ? – 6.0

Total Enrollments of Regular HEIs (in million)

Gross Enrollment Rate by Age Cohort ( )

3. Stratification Key School system from 1950s up to 2000s National key School Province key School County key school Key class Key University Policy from 1950s

Project 211 – Time: Launched in 1995; – Goal: building up 100 top level HEIs and key disciplines for the 21 century;

Project 985 – Time: Launched in May 1998; – Goal: Aimed at developing 10 to 12 world-class universities, plus a number of renowned high-level research institutions;

Universities in Project 985 The first release (34) Beihang University Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing Normal University Beijing University Central South University Central University for Nationalities China Agricultural University China Ocean University Chongqing University Dalian University of Technology Fudan University Harbin Institute of Technology Huazhong University of Science and Technology Hunan University Jilin University Lanzhou University Nanjing University Nankai University National University of Defense Technology Northeast University Northwest A and F University Northwestern Polytechnical University Qinghua University Renmin University of China Shandong University Shanghai Jiaotong University Sichuan University South China University of Technology Southeast University Sun Yat-Sen University Tianjin University Tongji University University of Electronic Science and Technology of China University of Science and Technology of China Wuhan University Xiamen University Xian Jiaotong University Zhejiang University The second release (4) China Agricultural University National University of Defense Technology Central University for Nationalities Northwest A and F University

The Pyramid of Higher Education System in China Vocational and technical college 1168 Teaching Univ Univ Univ. 38

4. Privatization People-run HEIs: 276(2006) Converted HEIs: 2-3(?) Affiliated colleges: 318 Students in Private HEIs: 16% Cost-sharing – Government Allocation in nation education revenue 1990: 63% 2007: <50%

Four Models for HE system Sector public founding High Netherlands Belgium Private EU Countries Public Japan Korea low USA China Australia

Parts 3 :Challenges Quantity Quality Equity

1.Quantity the Gross Enrollment Rate: – 23% in 2007 – to 32% in 2020 ? The total Enrolments – 27 million in 2007 – 2020?

The total Enrolments In 2020 – If the GER is 32%: 43 Millions – If Increase by 5% every year: 51 Millions

Total Enrollments of Regular HEIs (in million)

2.Quality Employment Creativity

Number of Graduates of Regular Higher Education (in million)

3.Equity HE in less developed provinces HE for Disadvantaged Students