Energy And Environmental Technology Instructed by: Dr. Sajid Zaidi PhD in Advanced Mechanics, UTC, France MS in Advanced Mechanics, UTC, France B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering, UET, Lahore B.TECH Mechanical Technology IQRA COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY (ICT) INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY, ISLAMABAD

Course Outline Energy Resources Alternative Energy Resources Steam Power Plants Gas Turbine Power Plants Combine Cycle Power Plants Jet Propulsion Plant Nuclear Power Plant Environmental Pollution Energy And Environmental Technology

Recommended Books Applied Thermodynamics for Engg Technologists by Eastop and McConkey Power Plant Technology by M. M. El-Wakil Energy And Environmental Technology

Distribution Mid – Term Exam: 50% Final Exam: 50% ◦ Quizzes related to the previous lectures ◦ Class presence is necessary Energy And Environmental Technology

Non-Renewable Energy Resources A non-renewable resource (also known as a finite resource) is a resource that does not renew itself at a sufficient rate for sustainable economic extraction in meaningful human time-frames. A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption. An example is carbon-based, organically-derived fuel. The original organic material, with the aid of heat and pressure, becomes a fuel such as oil or gas. Fossil fuels (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas), and certain aquifers are all non-renewable resources. Nuclear fission uses uranium to create energy. Nuclear energy is a nonrenewable resource because once the uranium is used, it is gone! Energy And Environmental Technology

How is Coal Made ??? Energy And Environmental Technology

How are Oil and Gas Made ??? Energy And Environmental Technology

Classification of Materials Metals and Alloys Ceramics, Glasses Polymers (plastics) Semiconductors Composite materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction

Classification of Materials Metals and Alloys steels, aluminum, magnesium, zinc, cast iron, titanium, copper, and nickel metals have good electrical and thermal conductivity Metals and alloys have relatively high strength, high stiffness, ductility or formability, and shock resistance useful for structural or load bearing applications INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Ceramics Ceramic is an inorganic, nonmetallic solid Ceramic materials tend to be strong, stiff, brittle, chemically inert, and non-conductors of heat and electricity Ceramic materials are brittle, hard, strong in compression, weak in shearing and tension They withstand chemical erosion that occurs in an acidic or caustic environment. Ceramics generally can withstand very high temperatures such as temperatures that range from 1,000 °C to 1,600 °C (1,800 °F to 3,000 °F)

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Ceramics Ceramic materials may be crystalline or partly crystalline Use for paints, plastics, tires, and for industrial applications such as the tiles for the space shuttle, a catalyst support, and oxygen sensors used in cars Traditional ceramics are used to make bricks, tableware, sanitary ware, refractories (heat-resistant material), and abrasives.

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Glasses Glass is an amorphous material i.e., they do not have a regular, periodic arrangement of atoms The fiber optics industry is founded on optical fibers made by using high-purity silica glass Glasses are also used in houses, cars, computer and television screens, and hundreds of other applications Glasses can be thermally treated (tempered) to make them stronger.

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Glasses Forming glasses and nucleating (creating) small crystals within them by a special thermal process creates materials that are known as glass-ceramics Zerodur TM is an example of a glass-ceramic material that is used to make the mirror substrates for large telescopes

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Polymers Polymers are typically organic materials produced using a process known as polymerization. Polymeric materials include rubber (elastomers) and many types of adhesives. Many polymers have very good electrical resistivity. They can also provide good thermal insulation. They are typically not suitable for use at high temperatures. Many polymers have very good resistance to corrosive chemicals.

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Polymers Polymers have thousands of applications ranging from bulletproof vests, compact disks (CDs), ropes, and liquid crystal displays (LCDs) to clothes and coffee cups. Thermoplastic polymers have good ductility and formability Thermosetting polymers are stronger but more brittle Thermoplastics are made by shaping their molten form Thermosets are typically cast into molds.

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Semiconductors Silicon, germanium, and gallium arsenide-based semiconductors are part of a broader class of materials known as electronic materials. The electrical conductivity of semiconducting materials is between that of ceramic insulators and metallic conductors The level of conductivity is controlled to enable their use in electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, etc., that are used to build integrated circuits.

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Composite Materials The main idea in developing composites is to blend the properties of different materials The composites are formed from two or more materials producing properties not found in any single material. Concrete, plywood, and fiberglass are examples of composite materials. Fiberglass is made by dispersing glass fibers in a polymer matrix. The glass fibers make the polymer matrix stiffer, without significantly increasing its density.

Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Composite Materials With composites we can produce lightweight, strong, ductile, high temperature-resistant materials or we can produce hard, yet shock resistant, cutting tools that would otherwise shatter. Advanced aircraft and aerospace vehicles rely heavily on composites such as carbon-fiber- reinforced polymers. Sports equipment such as bicycles, golf clubs, tennis rackets.

Functional Classification of Materials INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction

Environmental and other Effects INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction Temperature Corrosion Fatigue

Atomic Structure Atom: The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Electron Shell: an orbit followed by electrons around an atom’s nucleus (K, L, M, ……) ◦ Maximum number of electrons in an orbit = 2n 2 Subshells: Each shell is composed of one or more subshells (s, p, d, f, …….) 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p, 4s, 3d, 4p, 5s, 4d, 5p, 6s, 4f, 5d, 6p, 7s, 5f, 6d, 7p INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction

Periodic Table The periodic table contains valuable information about specific elements, and can also help identify trends in atomic size, melting point, chemical reactivity, and other properties. INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction

Periodic Table INDUSTRIAL MATERIALS Introduction

Periodic Table (Ceramics)

Periodic Table (Polymers)

Periodic Table (Semicondictors)