1 Nationalism in Austria & Russia, Austria-Hungary, Russia

Francis Joseph, Centralized administration dominated by German-speaking Austrians (1/3 total pop.) Abolished internal tariffs Divided Hungary into military districts Roman Catholic Church given control of education Croats and Slovaks not rewarded for their loyalty 2

3 Ethnic Groups in the Dual-Monarchy

Road to Dual-Monarchy 1860 – October Diploma –New federation of states/provinces –Single chamber imperial parliament –Landed classes hold local pol. Power 1861 – February Patent –Bicameral Reichsrat Upper chamber appointed Lower chamber indirectly elected –BUT… No ministerial responsibility Armies and taxes do not need stamp of Reichsrat Emperor could and did rule by decree 4

5 Road to Dual-Monarchy  1866 – disaster of Austro-Prussian War pushes Austria to “deal” with nationalistic Hungarians  Emperor carries out secret negotiation w/ Magyars Ausgleich (Compromise) of 1867 = homerule – Dual Monarchy : Austria / Hungary Equality = separate constitutions; separate legislatures (domestic affairs only); separate capitals (Vienna & Buda+Pest) Unity = Habsburg emperor = King of Hungary –Oversees imperial army; foreign policy; economy of both sectors Sig: primary Hungarian opposition silenced – but Slavs, Croats, Serbs, Czechs ….still ignored!

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7 Dominating Nationalist Issues “Trialism” Prime Minister Count Edward von Taaffe ( ) – banking on conservative Germans, Czechs and Poles to help maintain power SO… –allows for Slavic languages in education and administration WHICH.. –Leads to alienation of German-speaking administration and aristocracy Francis Joseph uses Catholic Church as unifying factor (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks) AND continues to develop a strong imperial bureaucracy –Ruled by decree until 1907 –1907 Universal male suffrage instituted but does not solve political problems w/in Reichsrat Hungary (dominated by Magyar landowners) begins campaign of “Magyarization” which ultimately alienates ethnic groups causing tension

19 th Century Russia Reforms Alexander II, Great Reforms –Serfdom abolished in 1861 – some 1500 rebellions before 1850 BUT feudalism = collective ownership – peasants restricted to villages ( mir ) –Local assemblies created ( zemstvos ) – BUT liberals want centralized Duma - parliament –Legal system reformed –Military reform –Russification of Poland –Industry: Russian-Siberian Railroad!!! –Not enough! – Slavophiles – populists – “nihilists” – peasants – socialists: all unsatisfied

Socio-political factions Populists (Alexander Herzen) – romantic collectivists who idealized the Russian peasant community –Learn from the masses and prepare them for insurrection –1901 founded the Social Revolutionary Party Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) “one purpose, one thought…revolution” Terrorist Acts –Vera Zasulich’s assassination attempt of governor of St. Petersburg Nihilists – accept no dogmas, not bound by moral codes –“Land and Freedom”, “The Organization”, People’s Will” Westernizers vs. Slavophiles –Slavophiles = Orthodox Church, mir, even tsardom; forego industrialization move right to socialist society (i.e., Aleksandr Herzen)

Expansion of Russia 1863 crushed Polish rebellion 1874 Ukraine, Northern Caucasus and Crimea incorporated into Russia 1877 Russo-Turkish War – Treaty of San Stefano –Intervened on behalf of Bulgarians and Serbs (fellow Slavs) –Bulgaria liberated from Turks 1878 Congress of Berlin – how to slow Russian expansion? Answer: rework the Balkans borders = increased tension btw. West & East Russia conquered Turkistan and others reaching Afghanistan, moved across Siberia to Pacific (Vladivostok) 1881 – Tsar Alexander II assassinated – carriage bombed by “People’s Will” ( Narodnaya Volya )