Chemistry of Organic Molecules Chapter 3 Mader Biology

Organic Molecules Four Classes Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

The functional groups have various properties that make the molecule behave a certain way in solution Organic Molecules Organic molecules contain a carbon backbone with various functional groups attached

Pop Quiz… (Just for Fun!) How well do you know your functional groups?

Macromolecules Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are all macromolecules Macromolecules are made from linking monomers into polymers through dehydration synthesis

Enzymes make it Happen What is that!

Carbohydrates Universally used as immediate energy, to make ATP during cellular respiration, but also play a structural role Cellulose, structure in plants and the most abundant molecule on Earth Broken Down for Energy

Dehydration synthesis/Hydrolysis Disaccharide Simple sugar Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates Alpha linkage can easily be broken down by humans and other animals but Beta linkage can only be broken down by certain bacteria Alpha linkage Beta linkage

Lipids A variety of organic molecules are classified as lipids Insoluble in water Fats, a type of lipid in animals, and oils, a type of lipid in plants, are used for energy storage Phospholipids make up the bi-layers of membranes

Fats and Oils Made from the subunit molecules Glycerol and fatty acids Known as a triglyceride

Phospholipids Made from the subunit molecules phosphate, glycerol, and fatty acids Compose the bulk of a cell membrane

Steroids Composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups giving it different properties Cholesterol freely floats around in the blood as a waxy substance It is a precursor to the sex hormones testosterone and estrogen It is integrated into all cell membranes as a lubricant Cholesterol can be classified as LDL, “Bad Cholesterol”, and HDL “Good Cholesterol” He must have good genes

Waxes Fatty acid bound to a long chain alcohol Protect plants and animals

Proteins Approximately 50% of the dry weight of a cell consists of protein What are some of their functions in a cell? Functions: Support Enzymes Transport Defense Hormones Motion

Proteins… How are they made? Through transcription and translation which links the correct amino acids together in the correct sequence

Amino Acids… Building Blocks of Proteins

Protein Shape Proteins can have up to four levels of structure Primary-Order of A.A. Secondary-Hydrogen bonding between A.A. Tertiary-Covalent bonding between R Groups Quaternary-Two or more polypeptides join