Australian Geomechanics Society Mini-symposium Sydney October 2005 Soil Loads on Cut and Cover Tunnels Under High Fills Doug Jenkins Interactive Design Services
Overview: l Influence of high fills on structural actions l Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Longitudinal differential settlement l Longitudinal loads l Examples l Conclusions
Influence of high fills on structural actions l Axial loads High fill = high axial load Effect of foundation stiffness on axial load
Influence of high fills on structural actions l Bending moments and shear forces Effect of foundation stiffness on axial load Lower bound stiffness may not be conservative
Influence of high fills on structural actions l Bending moments and shear forces Effect of arch profile on arch actions Morwell Tunnels - alternative cross sections
Influence of high fills on structural actions l Bending moments
Influence of high fills on structural actions l Shear Forces
Influence of high fills on structural actions l Use finite element analysis. l Consider the effect of boundary conditions in the model. l Consider the effect of upper and lower bound stiffness values in the foundation materials l Model the footing structure accurately l Optimise the arch shape for the fill height
Essential Features of Finite Element Model l Include foundation layers. l Add arch fill in layers, modelling the actual construction sequence. l Allow slip at the arch/soil interface. l Non-linear Mohr-Coulomb soil model.
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Morwell Conveyor Tunnels l Alternative foundation treatments
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Detail of finite element mesh l Alternative simplified model
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Design actions in actual raft under maximum load
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Comparison of bending moments in flat and tapered rafts
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Alternative raft models: bending moments
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Alternative raft models: axial forces
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Larger spans
Design of foundation structures for high vertical loads l Larger spans
Longitudinal Differential Settlement Long Section - Morwell Tunnels
Longitudinal Differential Settlement l Morwell conveyor tunnels analysis l Deep brown coal deposits + uncompacted fill
Vertical Settlement
Horizontal Movements
Longitudinal Differential Settlement
Longitudinal Loads l Steep fill slopes above the structure l Segmental structures on steep slopes l Longitudinal spreading of foundations under high fills l Longitudinal differential settlement effects on continuous structures
Longitudinal Loads
l Use wider precast elements l Provide shear connectors between adjacent elements and/or strengthen crown beam l Provide movement joints in the crown beam and footings l Design for variation in axial load l Detail robust crown joints
Examples - Morwell Conveyor Tunnels
Examples - Mt Arthur, Olympic Dam
Examples - Spain
Conclusions l High axial loads, possibly high bending moments and shear forces l Consider upper and lower bound foundation stiffness l Design raft foundations for soil-structure interaction l Consider longitudinal effects: –Differential settlement –Foundation spreading –Longitudinal loads due to fill slopes and/or inclined structure