Welcome to Biology 211 Human Anatomy & Physiology I A tour through the Visible Human (National Library of Medicine)… Outgrowth of the NLM’s 1986 long-range plan – creation of complete, anatomically detailed, three-dimensional representations of the normal male and female human bodies. Done using transverse CT, MR, and cryosection images of representative male and female cadavers. (Male sectioned at 1 mm intervals, female at 0.3 mm intervals) Long-term goal it to produce a system of knowledge structures that will transparently link visual knowledge forms of symbolic knowledge formats such as names of body parts. Please fill in any one of the sign-in sheets on the front desk!

General Information Who am I? Greg Erianne, Ph.D. Office Hours; See Syllabus, Rm. E-419 E-mail NVCC: gerianne@nvcc.commnet.edu Home: gerianne@optonline.net Tel; 203-596-8633 (voice mail) Please be sure you have filled out the sign-in sheet!

Visual Anatomy & Physiology First Edition Martini & Ober Chapter 1 An Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology Lecture 1 Slides 1-15; 80 min (with review of syllabus and Web sites) [Lecture 1] Slides 16 – 38; 50 min [Lecture 2] 118 min (38 slides plus review of course Web sites and syllabus)

Overview of Today’s Lecture Course and Publisher Web site Course Description/Textbook/Lab Book Course Objectives and Syllabus Review Blueprint for success Organization of the Human Body Characteristics of Life Homeostasis Anatomical Terminology

Course Web Site Our Web sites for this class are located at: http://www.gserianne.com/science/GerianneBio211 (Main) Announcements (VERY IMPORTANT TO LOOK AT FREQUENTLY!) Syllabus and all lecture/lab schedules Lecture and Lab slides used in class (ppt and pdf formats) Supplementary online materials for Lecture and Lab Lecture and Lab Exam Study Guides Links to many other sites including McGraw Hill Publisher’s Web site Extra credit assignments http://my.commnet.edu (BB Vista; Secondary) You will need your student ID and password for the Blackboard (BB) Vista site This BB Vista site will be used ONLY be for self tests and grades

Outline of Course/Requirements Course Description Lecture / discussion format Lectures will follow Martini’s Visual Anatomy and Physiology, 1st edition closely Figures used for class Laboratory Wood’s Laboratory Manual, 4th edition Reading assignments should be done BEFORE you come to class/lab

Major objectives of this course In general, you will… Master the objectives listed in the Study Guides Develop a further mastery of scientific/biomedical terminology Further develop your ability to think logically and critically Let’s review the syllabus and handouts…

Blueprint for Success Most importantly… **See Suggestions for Studying (handed out) Skim your textbook BEFORE lecture and make notes Take notes in your own words and become mentally involved during lecture; review/rewrite your notes after lecture Ask questions if you don’t understand Continually review previously learned material Use all the study aids available to you Why the Visual Anatomy & Physiology textbook and how is it different? How can it help you succeed? What if you don’t like the format? *

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy – study of structure - Gross anatomy – macroscopic (types?) - Cytology (microanatomy) – cells - Histology (microanatomy) – tissues Physiology – study of function - Specialized, e.g., neuro-, cellular-, patho- - Comparative physiology Structure is always related to function; if structure changes, function changes What’s this red stuff all about, anyway?

How Structure Determines Function Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Levels of Organization Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Important Definitions of Organizational Terms Cell – The basic unit of biological structure and function (what is a ‘basic unit’ of something?) Tissues – A group of cells working together to perform one or more specific functions Organs – Two or more tissues working in combination to perform several functions Organ System – Interaction of organs functioning closely together

General Function of Organ Systems A&P I A&P II

Organ Systems – Integument and Skeletal Be able to identify the organ systems of the human body and their major components; describe the major functions of each organ system (See Table 1.2 in Hole) Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Organ Systems – Muscular and Nervous Rapidly-acting, short-term control (Skeletal muscle shown) Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Organ Systems – Endocrine and Cardiovascular Slower-acting, longer-term control (compared to nervous system) Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Organ Systems – Lymphatic and Respiratory Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Organ Systems – Digestive and Urinary Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

Organ Systems – Reproductive Figure from Martini, Anatomy & Physiology, Prentice Hall, 2001

**Absence of homeostasis = DISEASE A CRITICAL (and very testable) concept in physiology Body’s maintenance of a stable internal environment **Absence of homeostasis = DISEASE Homeostatic Mechanisms – monitor aspects of the internal environment and corrects any changes Receptors - provide information about environment Control center - tells what a particular value should be Effectors - causes responses to change internal environment

Homeostasis Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010 Major goal of homeostasis is to keep this consistent (Interstitial fluid) The 70 trillion cells in our bodies surround themselves with their own environment. This is the environment that must remain stable despite changes outside.

Homeostasis Negative feedback – deviation from set point progressively lessens Positive feedback – deviation from set point gets progressively greater Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Homeostasis Remember that homeostasis does NOT mean constant! Continual variations occur in body systems Gives rise to ‘normal ranges’ (See Appendix B) Examples of negative feedback Temperature regulation, blood pressure, blood glucose levels Examples of positive feedback Blood clotting, milk production, uterine contraction

Homeostatic Mechanisms Notice that this occurs in a ONE-WAY circuit. Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Homeostatic Mechanisms (cont’d) Notice that this occurs in a ONE-WAY circuit. Know the normal temperature of the body Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Body Cavities Know the names and positions of the body cavities (Posterior) Know the names and positions of the body cavities (Anterior) Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Body Cavities (cont’d) Axial Know the terms on this slide Appendicular Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Serous Membranes Thoracic Membranes Abdominopelvic Membranes Visceral layer – covers an organ Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall Thoracic Membranes Visceral pleura Parietal pleura Visceral pericardium Parietal pericardium Abdominopelvic Membranes Visceral peritoneum Parietal peritoneum Serous fluid – thin, watery, slippery fluid typically separating serous membranes

Serous Membranes Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram; (What system is each organ a part of?) Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Serous Membranes Be able to label ALL parts of this diagram (What system is each organ a part of?) Figure from: Hole’s Human A&P, 12th edition, 2010

Anatomical Terminology Know these terms Anatomical Position – body standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward

Body Sections Know this

Anatomical Subdivisions Used most in clinical situations Used most in surgical/anatomical study situations

Body Regions Know the terms on this slide and their locations on the body Fig 2.3 in Lab Manual

Review Anatomy = structure; physiology = function Structure determines function The human body (multicellular organisms) can be organized in increasing levels of complexity Atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system The eleven organ systems of the body function to maintain homeostasis

Review Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable (NOT CONSTANT!) internal environment Requires: receptor(s), control center, and effector(s) Typically uses a negative feedback mechanism The body contains cavities that house our organs Dorsal (posterior) cavity Ventral (anterior) cavity Body cavities are lined by serous membranes Visceral Parietal *