High Efficiency UTILITY RESCUE THE MEANS TO ABUNDANT SAFE CLEAN POWER

IN A WORD, POWER GENERATION TODAY: UNSUSTAINABLE! BUT, …

THE FIX IS: RATIONAL RESOLVES THE INTRACTABLE AN ECONOMIC ENGINE !!!

TODAY’S SITUATION CARBON FOOTPRINT / CLIMATE STRESSOR TOXIC / PARTICULATE / OZONE / “Dirty” EMISSIONS HIGH HEALTH COSTS / SAFETY ANXIETIES ( and UNMENTIONABLES ) OVERCOMMITTED GRID, OUTLOOK WORSE COOLING WATER CHALLENGES / COMPETITOR FOR WATER N I M B Y “? SOLUTIONS ?” -- ASTRONOMICAL COSTS

PERSPECTIVE FIRST: ~ 85% OF ALL POWER FROM STEAM TURBINES COAL, OIL, GAS FIRED ? NUCLEAR? YES, NUCLEAR! STEAM POWER PLANTS HAVE 3 POWER MAKING SUB-SYSTEMS: – STEAM MAKER (SUPPLY) – STEAM USER (TURBINE w ALTERNATOR) – STEAM CONDENSER and PRESSURIZING WATER PUMP COMMON OBSERVATION: – COAL (ALL FOSSIL) FIRED PLANTS ARE “DIRTY” – NUCLEAR PLANTS CLEAN, BUT A POTENTIAL TRAGEDY SECOND: ITS NOT STEAM TURBINE POWER… IT’S HOW WE MAKE STEAM !

A Few Basics “EFFICIENCY BETTER WITH HIGHER INPUT AND LOWER WASTE HEAT TEMPERATURES”-CARNOT THE BEST TURBINE BLADES GET BRITTLE AND BREAK IN STEAM ABOVE 1050ºF STEAM TO LIQUID BY LAKE OR RIVER WATER VERY HIGH TEMP REACTOR (VHTR) HELIUM COOLED INHERENTLY SAFE / NO MELTDOWN DEMO NO RADIATION / NO EMISSIONS / NO IONS NO EXPLOSION POTENTIAL 1650ºF VHTR PROTOTYPES BEING BUILT SUITABLE TO POWER RECIRCULATING HELIUM GAS TURBINE ENGINE # 1. MAX STEAM TEMP < 1000º F # 2. WASTE HEAT: 80º -100º WATER COOLED CONDENSER # 3. VHTR PROTOTYPE REACTOR FAB CHINA / SO. KOREA (mid 2013) # 4. NUCLEAR FUEL COSTS 20% of COAL 15% of NAT. GAS ‘14, 5% average 3% of OIL

Clean Safe LOW COST BEST EMERGING TECHNOLOGY 1. GENERATION IV Very High Temperature Reactor 1650ºF HELIUM HEATER to… 2. …POWER A SPECIALLY TAILORED (LOW PRESSURE RATIO) HELIUM GAS TURBINE WITH 950ºF DISCHARGE and driving An ELECTRICAL GENERATOR and COMPRESSOR. 3. EXHAUST HELIUM to HEAT EXCHANGERS that: - GENERATE TYPICALLY 900ºF SUPERHEATED STEAM and… - COOL HELIUM TO 100ºF COMPRESSOR ENTRY that… - DELIVERS HELIUM TO THE VHTR and… - PROVIDES PRESSURE INCREASE FOR TURBINE and LOSSES 4. SUPERHEATED STEAM RUNS A TYPICAL STEAM TURBINE FROM 1500psi / 900F TO A HARD VACUUM AND ABOUT 90F THAT DRIVES EXISTING ELECTRICAL GENERATOR 5. A STEAM TO WATER CONDENSER SENDS 85F WATER TO HI-PRESSURE PUMP AND THE ‘BOILER’ SIDE OF THE HEAT EXCHANGER

RESULTS 1.EXISTING ‘NEW’ PLANT BACK ON GRID AS QUICKLY AS OVERHAUL - PRE-PLACEMENT FOR SHORTER SCHEDULE 2.NEW PLANT HAS 50 TO 70% MORE GENERATING CAPACITY 3.NEW PLANT SAFE, TOTALLY CLEAN, VERY LOW COST FUEL 4.‘EXISTING PLANT’ PREVIOUSLY FOSSIL FUELED OR NUCLEAR

That is … STEAM GENERATOR REPLACEMENT (BOILER) OF AN EXISTING POWER PLANT. And it’s… ABSOLUTELY CLEAN A SAFE LOW COST MODIFICATION With a… HUGE POWER CAPACITY BOOST

RESUME OPERATIONS--SAME SITE THE SAME … – STEAM ROTATING AND CONDENSING SYSTEMS – GRID CONNECTIONS – COOLING WATER – SITE & INFRASTRUCTURE – HUMAN SERVICES ACCOMMODATIONS THE “UNSUSTAINABLE” FIX ! AT VERY LOW KW COST AN IMPRESSIVE MONEY MAKER !

And… IT’S THE RIGHT THING TO DO! “Clever…” “Impressive…” “This is how we should do electric power generation.” “Sustainable...” Dr. Donald Wilson, University of Texas, former chair Mechanical Engineering Dept. The Answer Is Here. The Time Is Now.

ABSOLUTELY CLEAN UNIQUE APPLICATIONS SET FOR HELIUM COOLED REACTORS: - INTERACTIVE HELIUM TURB/GEN TOPPING SYSTEM ON EXISTING STEAM TURB/GEN - POWER LEVEL CONTROL WITH CONSTANT STEAM PROPERTIES - INHERENT HELIUM SAFETY - HELIUM COOLED REACTOR POWERED SAFE CLEAN HEAT SOURCE CONTROLLABLE DESIGNATED FLEXIBLE SELECTED PROPERTIES FOR: – STEAM GENERATION FOR ALL POWER PLANTS – REFINERY / CHEMICAL PROCESSING – THAT ALSO GENERATES ELECTRICAL POWER ! - HIGH EFFICIENCY MAINTAINED EVEN DURING PART POWER - FLEXIBILITY TO LOAD MATCH A RANGE OF STEAM PLANTS with STANDARD SIZE FACTORY PRODUCED MODIFICATION UNIT - LOAD FOLLOWING ALL AT HIGH EFFICIENCY !! - SAME LOW COOLING WATER FOR HUGE KW INCREASE