John Diefenbaker Dief the Chief!

“The Liberals are the flying saucers of politics. No one can make head nor tail of them and they never are seen twice in the same place.”

His unique approach to politics was warmly greeted by the farmers, store- owners and factory workers His theatrical conveying of messages was entertaining, which enticed the voter to listen and believe

Diefenbaker -Defense Lawyer June1957-April ”unhyphenated Canadianism” -appointed 1 st woman to the cabinet -Gave financial aid to farmers in the prairies and to the Maritimes

-appointed 1 st Aboriginal senator -wanted to maintain connections with Britain and was cautious when dealing with the States 1960 – First Nations were allowed to vote federally

Diefenbaker -(1957 – 1963) -Powerful, influential speaker -Bill of Rights – This did not become enshrined in the constitution until Trudeau -Believed in a united country and protecting the less fortunate -Raised pensions for the elderly and disabled(expanded the Old Age Pension plan)

The Diefenbunker

Lester Pearson

Former pro baseball player and hockey player in 1922 Olympics for Britain Before PM was Canada’s representative in the United Nations - Winner of Nobel Peace Prize, 1957 for Inventing peacekeeping while working at the U.N. (Suez Crisis)

Pearson Canada Pension Plan -Student Loan Program -Medicare for all Canadians (Tommy Douglas) -Order of Merit by Queen Elizabeth

-an advocate for French English relations -Strengthened relations with French Canadians by appointing a Royal Commission to examine the problem and come up with solutions Royal commission of bilingualism and biculturalism (the bi and bi commission)

Trudeaumania

Trudeau -June 1968 – Author --appointed the first women speaker in the senate (Muriel McQueen Fergesson) --Trudeaumania

“Just Society” Official Languages Act 1969 October Crisis Social Security and Welfare 1980 Quebec referendum Auto Pact Constitution 1982 National Energy Program

Bringing it home - Patriating the Constitution Until 1982 Canada did not have full independence from Britain - constitutional changes still had to pass through British parliament. In order to patriate(bring home) the constitution, Trudeau needed to have the provinces agree on an amending formula. (how changes to the constitution would be made) Remember the Imperial Conference, 1931 – the amending formula was discussed then, but an agreement couldn't be reached

Trudeau also wanted to include the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in the Constitution –This worried Quebec as they feared that their language and culture laws might be over ridden. Quebec and the Western provinces also wanted more powers. ***There were many failed meetings. Reaching a compromise would not be easy.

The Kitchen Compromise Trudeau met with the ten premiers to try to negotiate a compromise. Late one evening, he summoned nine premiers (the Quebec premier was absent) and agreed on the following compromises: 1) the Notwithstanding Clause (allowed premiers to opt out of the Charter) 2) the Amending Formula - 7 / 10 provinces representing 50% of the population

The October Crisis and its affect on our culturally divided country.

“The Front De Liberation Du Quebec.” They were a Terrorist group in Canada Separatists – believed in Quebec as a nation separate from Canada Responsible for More than 200 bombings Death of at least 5 people October, 1970 = October Crisis Who or what is the FLQ?

May, 1963 – FLQ plant 15 bombs in mailboxes throughout Montreal

Quebec in the 1950s Faith, Family, Farms Quebec in the 1960s “Maitre chez Nous” Quiet Revolution

Background – Quebec in the 1950s Maurice Duplessis Quebec premier from and (political party – Union Nationale) strong Quebec nationalist who allied with the RC Church to protect French culture (farm, faith, family) bribery and corruption became trademarks of his regime

1960 – 1966 Led by Jean Lesage Premier of Quebec Lesage fed the desires of Quebecers to gain special status within Confederation Views of Quebecers became more nationalistic and secular Politics in Quebec began to differentiate itself from the French Catholic Church French Canadians became Quebecers Beginning of the Separatist movement Contributed to FLQ Crisis The Quiet Revolution

Name given to the events which occurred in Quebec in 1970 Included kidnapping of Canadian diplomats by members of the FLQ

British Trade Commissioner Kidnapped on October 5, 1970 by the “Liberation Cell” of the FLQ Kidnapping left police with list of demands

1. End of police search 2. Publication of an FLQ manifesto 3. Rehiring of the Lapalme employees 4. Liberation of all political prisoners (23 FLQ members) 5. Denunciation of the informer who had led the police to the capture of a cell of the FLQ in June of $ in gold 7. Safe-conducts out of the country.

Kidnapping of Pierre Laporte Minister of Labour and Vice Premier of Quebec Kidnapped on October 10, 1970 by the “Chenier Cell” of the FLQ Wrote letter to Quebec Premier, Robert Bourassa, pleading for his life Executed October 17 - strangled to death and dumped in the trunk of an abandoned car

“We are going to win because there are more boys ready to shoot members of Parliament than there are policemen." - Michel Chartrand

Trudeau invokes the War Measures Act

Enforced on October 16 th Invoked to find and stop FLQ members In place throughout all of Canada, but took action in Quebec Police were to arrest those who were suspected of belonging to the FLQ or supported the FLQ through literature, posters, stickers, or pamphlets. Outlawed FLQ Suspended Civil Liberties 497 persons arrested, of whom 435 would be released, the other 62 were charged The War Measure Act

Controversy of the War Measures Act Jeopardized the civil rights of Canadian citizens Police had power to arrest and put in detention on suspicion alone Despite controversy 85% of Canadians agreed with invoking act 3 days before the act was invoked Trudeau was asked how far he was willing to go to stop the FLQ, he responded with: “JUST WATCH ME”

The organization of the FLQ was in cells Members only concerned with their individual cells If a member was caught they didn’t know the whole story Each cell specialized in different tasks The police didn’t know which cell had kidnapped the officials, making it harder to locate them. Organization of the FLQ

Some members trained in other countries in guerrilla warfare Could hide in cities and attack in silence Very tactical in combat approach Also trained for tactical bombings and sniper like attacks with normal guns

Meeting the Demands After Laporte’s Death After the execution of Pierre Laporte, negotiations were reached between police and the FLQ James Cross was released and 5 known members of the FLQ were flown to Cuba by Canadian Forces

The Capturing of the FLQ All 4 members of the FLQ’s Chénier cell were captured and charged with the kidnapping and murder of Pierre Laporte This included Paul Rose, Jacques Rose, Frances Simard, and Bernard Lortie

“We are going to win because there are more boys ready to shoot members of Parliament than there are policemen” ~Michel Chartrand, Radical Separatist and FL supporter “The Army occupies Quebec. It is unpleasant but undoubtedly necessary in times of crisis.” ~ René Lévesque, Future Premier of Quebec