THE ADVANTAGES OF ROAD-SIDE AIR POLLUTION DATA FOR IDENTIFYING PRIORITY IN TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND URBAN HOTSPOT MONITORING Driejana 1 *, Harmein Rahman 2, Andria Sukowati 3, Mahawira S.Dillon 1 and Mega Octaviani 1 1 Air and Solid Waste Management Division; 2 Transportation Engineering Division Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, ITB, Bandung, INDONESIA 3 West Java Environmental Protection Agency, Bandung, INDONESIA Institut Teknologi Bandung

Outline Background Background Methodology Methodology Results and Discussion Results and Discussion Conclusion and recommendations Conclusion and recommendations

Background (1) Indonesia has 34 automatic monitoring stations installed in 10 cities  not enough (data on number of big cities) Indonesia has 34 automatic monitoring stations installed in 10 cities  not enough (data on number of big cities) Monitoring can not cover spatial variations, e.g., hotspots in urban area  health risk of short term exposure can not be evaluated Monitoring can not cover spatial variations, e.g., hotspots in urban area  health risk of short term exposure can not be evaluated Vehicle emission is one of the most significant source of pollution that could be controlled with traffic management Vehicle emission is one of the most significant source of pollution that could be controlled with traffic management

Continuous automatic monitoring is ideal but……. - Not enough equipment to cover the spatial variation - problem in operation and maintenance costs 87 sites Background (2) sites

Objectives To identify and examine parameters to be monitored at hotspots such as road-side in order to optimize urban air quality monitoring system To identify and examine parameters to be monitored at hotspots such as road-side in order to optimize urban air quality monitoring system To analyze the characteristic of road-side air quality as major information for service improvement with strategic traffic management To analyze the characteristic of road-side air quality as major information for service improvement with strategic traffic management

Methodology Continuously measure of 30-minute average concentration of CO, PM 10, NO, NO 2, SO 2, and O 3 at 5 road-side locations in Jakarta and 3 sites in Bandung using mobile monitoring for 1 week Continuously measure of 30-minute average concentration of CO, PM 10, NO, NO 2, SO 2, and O 3 at 5 road-side locations in Jakarta and 3 sites in Bandung using mobile monitoring for 1 week Analysing hourly and daily exceedances of pollutants Analysing hourly and daily exceedances of pollutants Examining diurnal pattern of pollutant parameters in conjunction with traffic pattern Examining diurnal pattern of pollutant parameters in conjunction with traffic pattern Evaluating some options of traffic management Evaluating some options of traffic management LOCATIONS OF MONITORING

Results and Discussion: Exceedances Hourly and daily exceedances during one-week monitoring Hourly exceedances: NO 2 at 3 out of 5 location in Jakarta and 1 location in Bandung Daily exceedances: - NO 2 at all location in Jakarta and 1 location in Bandung - PM 10 at 2 locations in Jakarta Number in red showing number of exceedances occured

Results and Discussion: Pollutant Parameters NO 2 is the parameter that shows more exceedances, both hourly and daily NO 2 is the parameter that shows more exceedances, both hourly and daily PM 10 has daily exceedances PM 10 has daily exceedances PM 10 and O 3 are known as the critical parameter found in PSI (MoE, 2006) PM 10 and O 3 are known as the critical parameter found in PSI (MoE, 2006)  PM 10 were found to be high at urban sites, and O 3 at sub-urban sites (Driejana, 2003)  Health impact of NO 2 short-term exposure in urban area has been overlooked

Result and Discussion: Diurnal variation NO x Influence of traffic on NOx variation, but concentration still comply with hourly standard Need ambient monitoring to monitor traffic emission but do not need a real- time or short term exposure one Can be monitored by more economical approach such as passive sampler Hourly exceedances occurred May need short-term exposure monitoring Needs emission control from traffic activity

Results and Discussion: Categorization of compliance Does not exceed standards Does not exceed standards Exceed the hourly AAQ standard only during certain period of time Exceed the hourly AAQ standard only during certain period of time Exceed the hourly AAQ standard ambient for most of the time of the day Exceed the hourly AAQ standard ambient for most of the time of the day Exceed the daily AAQ standard Exceed the daily AAQ standard

Discussion: Traffic Management Options Link Link Reduce/eliminate side friction (p) Reduce/eliminate side friction (p) One/two system (t) One/two system (t) Road widening (p) Road widening (p) Intersection Intersection Signaling (for un-signalized intersection) (p) Signaling (for un-signalized intersection) (p) Re-setting (for signalized intersection) (p) Re-setting (for signalized intersection) (p) Approach geometric improvement (p) Approach geometric improvement (p) Traffic Traffic Sorting (t) Sorting (t) Re-routing (Public Transport) (t) Re-routing (Public Transport) (t) Limiting (t) Limiting (t) Notes:p = permanent scheme ; t = temporary

Discussion: Example of TM scheme Temporary TM Scheme Implementation Period

Conclusion and Recommendations (1) Available mobile monitoring can be utilised for screening the location and parameter to be monitored Available mobile monitoring can be utilised for screening the location and parameter to be monitored Selected monitoring for certain parameter based on priority will reduce the cost, while allowing better spatial coverage Selected monitoring for certain parameter based on priority will reduce the cost, while allowing better spatial coverage Roadside is a hotspot for NOx, the hourly exceedances are overlooked by the current reporting method Roadside is a hotspot for NOx, the hourly exceedances are overlooked by the current reporting method Roadside data can be used to determine and evaluate traffic management scheme applied in the polluted area Roadside data can be used to determine and evaluate traffic management scheme applied in the polluted area

Conclusion and Recommendations (2) Air pollution parameters and its related traffic parameters define traffic management objective (volume and speed) Air pollution parameters and its related traffic parameters define traffic management objective (volume and speed) The objective determine the suited traffic management scheme The objective determine the suited traffic management scheme Temporary scheme solutions (one way system, 3 in 1, traffic signal re-setting, sorting and re-routing of public transport) are suitable for controlling hourly concentration exceedance Temporary scheme solutions (one way system, 3 in 1, traffic signal re-setting, sorting and re-routing of public transport) are suitable for controlling hourly concentration exceedance Permanent scheme solutions (reducing/eliminating side friction, widening, signaling, geometric improvement) should be used for controlling frequent hourly and daily concentration exceedance Permanent scheme solutions (reducing/eliminating side friction, widening, signaling, geometric improvement) should be used for controlling frequent hourly and daily concentration exceedance

Swisscontact and BPLHD DKI for providing the road-side monitoring data in Jakarta Joint Action Research of CIDA-AIT’s South East Asia - Urban Environmental Management Application Project (SEA UEMA) of the Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering ITB, Indonesia, West Java Environmental Protection Agency, Indonesia and the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand Thank you! Acknowledgement