Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Inclusion of indigenous peoples in development and poverty reduction strategies

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Context: Indigenous peoples excluded from development efforts Development efforts having harmful impact on indigenous peoples Development not having desired impact

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Examples of policy development: AgencyPolicyMain issues World Bank OD (1991) OP 4.10 (2005) Free & prior informed consultation Indigenous Peoples Plan/Planning Framework Danida National strategy (1994) National strategy (2004) Aligned with C169: ITPs to control their own development path Multifaceted: int. processes, bi- & multi- lateral cooperation, direct support to ITPs, trade UNDP Practice note on engagement (2001) Promote IP participation in decision-making, co- existence, capacity-building for policy change Mainstream within UNDP ADB ADB policy on indigenous peoples (1998) Recognise vulnerability & provide opportunities. No negative impact – and compensation Indigenous Peoples Development Plan EU Council Resolution (1998) Enhance right & capacity to self-development Right to object to projects Integrate as cross-cutting concern

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Major trends: From “do-no-harm” to rights-based approaches Partnerships Located within broader framework of human rights, poverty reduction, good governance, environmental protection Mainstreaming within agencies Facilitation of dialogue/policy dialogue Consultation & participation Responding to ITPs’ needs and priorities

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Poverty Reduction Strategies Introduced in 1999 by World Bank and IMF Applied in approximately 70 countries Are supposed to be: Country-driven Results-oriented Comprehensive Partnership-oriented Long-term In line with Rome and Paris Declarations

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Rome & Paris Declarations: Harmonization and Aid Effectiveness Determined within high-level meetings of the OECD/DAC (2003-5) Practically all bi- and multi- lateral agencies and developing countries have agreed to adhere to these principles In line with UN reform Fully operational from 2010

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Main principles Principle:Goal: OwnershipDeveloping countries exercise strong and effective leadership over their development policies and plans AlignmentDonors base their support on developing countries’ own policies, strategies and systems HarmonisationDonors coordinate their activities and minimise the cost of delivering aid Managing for results Developing countries and donors orient their activities to achieve the desired results, using information to improve decision-making Mutual accountability Donors and developing countries are accountable to each other for progress in managing aid better and in achieving development results

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | PRSP: Main elements & entry points PRSP main elements Potential entry points for indigenous peoples Participatory process Specific and appropriate consultations, through representative organizations. Reflection of needs and priorities. Participation in implementation & monitoring. Poverty diagnosticsDiversified poverty profiles, reflecting diversified perceptions of poverty and well-being & needs and priorities Priorities for macroeconomic, structural and social policies Address structural factors leading to pauperization, e.g., access to land and resources; adequate education and health services that consider cultural and linguistic features. Targets, indicators, monitoring and evaluation Specific goals and targets for indigenous peoples; mechanisms for participation in monitoring and evaluation.

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Findings of ILO research Aspect of participation CambodiaCameroonNepal Information flowNot at allSome Participation experience NoneSome Poverty diagnosticsNot at all Some Budget-making process Not at all Some Poverty monitoringOne specific indicator No Mainstreaming of participation No Mechanisms being defined

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Determining factors for participation The institutional capacity of indigenous peoples The existence of national legislative and policy frameworks The capacity of concerned government institutions The operationalization of institutional policies of international agencies

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Requirements for participation Special efforts and long-term commitment of all actors Focus on capcity-building Public information strategy, targeting indigenous peoples An outcome-oriented action plan for participation in prioritization and policy-making, implementation, monitoring and evaluation Institutional arrangements for mainstreaming participation in governance structures Adequacy with regards to language, timing etc. Gender sensitivity

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | National legislation or policy Of crucial importance If not in place, should be developed within context of PRS Ratification of Convention No. 169: Solid framework If reluctance: Address as vulnerable groups in the context of overall poverty reduction and sector policies

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Capacity of government institutions Address in the context of good governance Employment of indigenous people Staff training Incentive measures

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Donor policies No coherent implementation Focus on small-scale/specific interventions Not applied in overall policies/programmes World Bank Policy not applied to PRS processes Compulsory procedural steps Establishment of coordination groups Training of staff

Indigenous and Tribal Peoples | | Data and indicators Fail to capture specificities of indigenous peoples’ real situation and perceptions of poverty and well-being Invisibility in national statistics Invisibility of internal differences Controversy over definition or terminology (fluidity of ethnic identity, migration, conflicts and wars, lack of legal provisions/political acceptance) Lack of understanding of the importance of disaggregated data Weak national capacities for data collection, analysis and disaggregation Resistance from indigenous peoples if they are not themselves in control of data collection Strengthening national capacities for disaggregation of data Develop specific indicators Monitor implementation of indigenous peoples’ rights All with full participation of indigenous peoples