Carolyn J. Merry NCRST-Flows The Ohio State University

Available sensors Current satellite sensors Wavelength region – spectral resolution Area of coverage Spatial resolution Costs of imagery Projected uses in transportation flow applications

Satellite systems Landsat-7 – Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) SPOT-4, -5 – High Resolution Visible (HRV) Ikonos-2 Quickbird-2

Landsat-7 satellite 705-km altitude 16-day repeat cycle 185-km swath width Descending node at 10: min. Whisk-broom scanner Radiometric resolution: 2 8 (256 levels)

Landsat MSS sensor – 920 km altitude Landsat-1 (23 Jul Jan 78) Landsat-2 (22 Jan Feb 82) Landsat-3 (5 Mar Mar 83) Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+ – 705 km altitude Landsat-4 (16 July 82 - present) Landsat-5 (1 Mar 84 - present) Landsat-6 (5 Oct 93 – lost shortly after launch) Landsat-7 (15 Apr 99 - present) Landsat data availability

Landsat-7 imagery 15-m pan ( µm) 6-band multispectral (XS) – 30-m µm (blue), µm (green), (red) (near IR), µm (mid IR), µm (mid IR) µm (thermal IR – 60 m) Image data ~$600/scene (185 by 185 km) Web site:

ETM+ Band  m ETM+ Band  m ETM+ Band  m ETM+ Band  m ETM+ Band  m ETM+ Band  m ETM+ Band  m ETM+ PAN Band  m Landsat-7 spectral bands

Landsat-7 spatial resolution False Color Composite (4,3,2) True Color Composite (3,2,1) 15M PAN Band

DISP, 1962 Landsat 5, 1984 Landsat 5, 1994 Landsat 5, 1989 Landsat 7, 1999 Historical archive

Information content Highway centerline – principally interstates & wider roads General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS level I, II Monitoring urban heat island effect

SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites 822-km altitude 98° inclination – sun- synchronous orbit 101-minute orbit, 26-day repeat cycle, allows 1-2 day revisit 2 HRVs; CCDs – 6000 detectors; 60-km swath

French SPOT satellites SPOT-1 (22 Feb 86 – 31 Dec 90) SPOT-2 (22 Jan 90 – present) SPOT-3 (26 Sep 93 – 14 Nov 97) SPOT-4 (24 Mar 98 – present) SPOT-5 (3 May 02 – present) Web site:

SPOT-1, -2, -3 satellites 10-m pan ( µm) 3-band multispectral (XS) – 20-m µm (green), (red), (near IR) Off-nadir viewing capability (+27°) Allows us to acquire stereo pairs Image data ~$2000/scene for level 1B data (60 km by 60 km, up to 80 km by 60 km for off-nadir scenes)

SPOT-4 satellite 2 HRVIR Instruments – 10, 20 m resolution Pan – µm XS – green ( m); red ( µm); near IR ( µm); mid IR ( µm)

SPOT-5 satellite 3 May 2002 launch; 830-km orbit HRG (High Resolution Geometry) – 12,000 CCD array 2.5 m & 5 m pan (instead of 10 m) 10 m 3-band XS (instead of 20 m); 20 m for mid IR In-line stereo – fore, aft, nadir 10 m planimetric accuracy; 5 m elevation accuracy – ~1:50,000 map scale

SPOT-2 spectral bands SPOT Band 1,  m SPOT Band 2,  mSPOT Band 3,  m SPOT, Color Composite (3,2,1)

SPOT 10-m pan SPOT-2 spatial bands SPOT Selection, 10-m pan mosaic of Ohio

Information content Highway centerline – interstates, roads with better road definition General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS level I, II

Hyperspectral data – EO-1 satellite Hyperion sensor 242 spectral bands ( µm) – 30 m resolution 7.5 by 100 km area Research imagery – NASA investigators

Example Hyperion data True Color Composite, (29, 23, 16) Image cube

Information content Highway centerline – principally interstates, & wider roads General utility line mapping & routing Land use mapping for corridor studies – USGS level I, II Material type of roads – asphalt, concrete

Commercial companies Space Imaging, Inc. – Thornton, CO EarthWatch, Inc. – Longmont, CO

Space Imaging – Ikonos-2 Launched 24 Sept 99 Sun-synchronous, polar-orbiting 680 km altitude, 98.1° inclination ±26° off-nadir collection, 1-day revisit 10:30 local time 11 x 11 km scene size 11-bit data

Space Imaging – Ikonos-2 1-m pan – µm 1:24,000 scale (12.2 m w/o ground control) 1:2,400 scale (2 m with ground control) 4-m multispectral sensor µm (blue) µm (green) µm (red) µm (near IR) $97-$211/sq mi for 1-m pan or 4-m XS, depending on orthorectification process Ikonos model data products – DEMs 15-m & 30-m postings (7 m vertical accuracy)

Ikonos Band  m Ikonos Band  mIkonos Band  m Ikonos Band  m Ikonos spectral bands

False Color Composite (4,2,1) 1M Pan Image Ikonos sensor resolution True Color Composite (4,2,1)

Multi-resolution data merging Landsat-7 ETM+ 30m & Ikonos 4m XS Ikonos 1m Pan & 4m XS

Ikonos 1-m panchromatic image of highway segment Enlargement High resolution image of highways

Entire image histogram Pavement pixels only Original image Image histogram

Ikonos 1-m pan –Tucson, AZ Background image Road extracted

PCA 3PCA 4 Principal components analysis

EarthWatch, Inc. – QuickBird-2 18 October 2001 launch 450 km altitude; off-nadir viewing (+25°) 0.61-m pan ( µm) 2.44-m multispectral µm (blue) µm (green) µm (red) µm (near IR) 16.5-km image swath 11-bit data

Denver, CO – 17 July cm natural color pan-sharpened Paris, France – Champs-Elysées 27 Mar 02 – 61-cm pan Source: QuicKBird-2 sample image

Dresden, Germany – 2.4 m natural color XS 22 Aug 02 recent flooding Yokohama, Japan – 9 Mar cm natural color pan-sharpened Source: QuicKBird-2 sample image

Information content Transportation infrastructure - detailed road centerline with road width Detect vehicles on roads for traffic count studies Disaster emergency response – pre- & post-imagery, damaged housing stock, damaged transportation, damaged utilities & services Building & property infrastructure – building perimeter, area, height & cadastral information (property lines) Land use/land cover for corridor studies – USGS level I, II, III, IV

Conclusions Satellite data are available Spatial resolution is detailed enough to map highway networks & detect vehicles Methods are being developed to incorporate imagery results into transportation flow methodologies