Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) WHS AP Psychology Unit 2: Memory (Cognition) Essential Task 2-1: Describe the information processing model of memory with specific attention to the following steps: - Encoding: external stimuli, sensory registers, selective attention, reticular formation, short-term memory - Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) and implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) - Retrieval Logo Green is R=8 G=138 B=76 Blue is R= 0 G=110 B=184 Border Grey is R=74 G=69 B=64

Information Processing Model Attention All the rest External Stimuli Sensory Registers gone Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval 1. Encoding 3. Retrieval 2. Storage Information Processing Model We are here

Essential Task 2-1: Define memory Outline Define memory Describe the Information Processing Model or IPM for short Encoding: external stimuli sensory registers selective attention reticular formation short-term memory Storage: long-term memory, explicit memory (semantic and episodic memories) implicit memories (emotional and procedural memories) Retrieval

Memory The ability to remember things we have experienced, imagined, or learned Memory is often seen as steps in an information-processing model Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.) Storage – Hard Drive Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive Outline

Information Processing Model Encoding – (The process of putting information into digital format.) Storage – Hard Drive Retrieval – Accessing the Hard Drive Outline

Information Processing Model Attention All the rest External Stimuli Sensory Registers gone Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval 1. Encoding 3. Retrieval 2. Storage Information Processing Model

Conduct Seven Dwarves Activity Outline

Recognition is easier than recall Grouchy, Gabby, Fearful, Sleepy, Smiley, Jumpy, Hopeful, Horney, Shy, Droopy, Dopey, Sniffy, Wishful, Puffy, Dumpy, Sneezy, Lazy, Pop, Grumpy, Bashful, Cheerful, Teach, Shorty, Nifty, Happy, Doc, Wheezy, and Stubby. Outline

Encoding Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds) Some information is stored visually Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information Outline

Information Processing Model Attention All the rest External Stimuli Sensory Registers gone Short Term Memory Long Term Memory Retrieval 1. Encoding 3. Retrieval 2. Storage Information Processing Model Outline

Sensory registers Sensory registers are the first stop for all sensory information The sensory registers are very large, but information stays for only a very short time Outline

Visual and Auditory Registers Visual register holds images, or icons, that represent all aspects of a visual image Icons normally last about ¼ second in the visual register Auditory register holds echoes of sound Echoes can last up to several seconds in the auditory register Why do the auditory registers last longer? Outline

Now let us test your visual registers I will flash the next picture for just ¼ of a second. DON’T BLINK After the image flashes we’ll return to a white screen and you can tell me everything you saw. Outline

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Did you pay attention to everything? Outline

Here is another image DON’T BLINK Outline

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How big is your attention? Outline

Selective Attention Selects certain information for further processing We normally pay attention to only a SMALL (PLEASE ENJOY THE IRONIC FONT SELECTION) portion of incoming information Outline

What controls Selective Attention? Broadbent's Filter Model Treisman's Attenuation Model Outline

Reticular Formation Outline

Short-term Memory Short-term memory holds information we are aware of or thinking about at any given moment Sometimes referred to as working memory Outline

Capacity of Short-Term Memory Research indicates that STM can hold 7+/- 2 bits of information Current research has demonstrated that STM can hold whatever is rehearsed in 1.5 to 2 seconds Larger amounts of information can be held by using the process of chunking Outline

Let’s see how good your STM is! Outline

Short Term Memory 9 7 5 4 6 8 2 5 9 9 1 3 8 2 5 5 9 6 3 8 2 7 8 6 9 5 1 3 7 2 7 1 9 3 8 4 2 7 3 9 1 5 2 4 3 8 1 6 2 1 5 2 8 4 6 7 3 1 8 9 Outline

Chunking Helps 423-19 267-198 390-675-2 573-291-43 721-354-456 245-619-832-2 141-384-515-89 201-315-426-762 This is why I assign the concept maps – creates chunks Outline

Encoding in Short-Term Memory Much information is stored in STM phonologically (according to how it sounds) Some information is stored visually Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information Outline

Maintaining STM Information can be held in STM by using rote rehearsal, also called maintenance rehearsal Rote rehearsal involves repeating information over and over This technique is not very effective in creating long term memories Outline

Long-term Memory Everything that is learned is stored in long-term memory Capacity of long-term memory Vast amounts of information may be stored for many years No known limits to capacity Outline

Encoding in Long-term Memory Most information is encoded in terms of meaning Some information is stored verbatim Some information is coded in terms of nonverbal images Research has shown that memory for visually encoded information is better than phonologically encoded information CONCEPT MAPS CREATE A VISUAL!!!! Outline

Types of Long Term Memory Explicit memory Episodic Memory Semantic Memory Implicit memory Procedural Memory Emotional Memory @#$!& @#$!& Outline

Types of Long Term Memory Explicit memory Memory for information we can readily express and are aware of having This information can be intentionally recalled Episodic Memories - Memories for personal events in a specific time and place Semantic Memories - Memory for general facts and concepts not linked to a specific time Implicit memory Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having Cannot be intentionally retrieved Outline

Types of Long Term Memory Implicit memory Memory for information that we cannot readily express and may not be aware of having Cannot be intentionally retrieved Procedural memories: Motor skills and habits Emotional memories: Learned emotional responses to various stimuli Outline

Retrieval Bringing information from LTM back to STM Outline