Chapter 60: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla Unit Eleven: The Nervous System: C. Motor and Integrative Neurophysiology Chapter 60: The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla Guyton and Hall, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12 edition

General Organization of the ANS Activated mainly by centers in the spinal cord, brain stem, and hypothalamus Often operates through visceral reflexes Contains two major divisions Sympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system

General Organization of the ANS Physiologic Anatomy of the Sympathetic Nervous System Fig. 60.1 Sympathetic Nervous System+

General Organization of the ANS Preganglionic and Postganglionic Sympathetic Neurons Fig. 60.2

General Organization of the ANS Segmental Distribution of the Sympathetic Nerve Fibers (Fig. 60.1) Special Nature of the Sympathetic Nerve Endings in the Adrenal Medullae Secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine

General Organization of the ANS Physiologic Anatomy of the Parasympathetic Nervous System- about 75% from the vagus nerve Fig. 60.3 Parasympathetic Nervous System

General Organization of the ANS Preganglionic and Postganglionic Neurons Long preganglionic fibers Short postganglionic fibers Postganglionic neuron located very close to or in the wall of the affected organ or tissue d. a, b, and c are the opposite in sympathetic neurons

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Preganglionic Neurons Cholinergic Postganglionic Neurons Mostly cholinergic Mostly adrenergic Terminal Nerve Endings Secrete acetylcholine Secrete norepinephrine

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion and Subsequent Removal Secretion of AcH and norepinephrine by post- ganglionic nerve endings Synthesis of AcH, its destruction after secretion and duration of action

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Mechanisms of Transmitter Secretion and Subsequent Removal Acetylcholinesterase-splits AcH into acetate and choline Synthesis of norephinephrine, its removal, and its duration of action

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Receptors on the Effector Organs Excitation or inhibition of the effector cell by changing its membrane permeability Receptor action by altering intracellular “second messenger” cAMP

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Two Principle Types of Acetylcholine Receptors Muscarinic-found on all effector cells stimulated by postganglionic cholinergic neurons from either the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions Nicotinic-found in the autonomic ganglia at the synapses between pre- and postganglionic neurons of both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Adrenergic Receptors-Alphas and Betas Alpha Receptor Beta Receptor Vasoconstriction Vasodilation (Beta-2) Iris dilation Cardioacceleration (Beta-1) Intestinal Relaxation Increased myocardial strength (Beta-1) Intestinal Sphincter Contraction Intestinal and uterine relaxation (Beta-2) Pilomotor Contraction Bronchodilation (Beta-2) Bladder Sphincter Contraction Calorigenesis (Beta-2) Inhibits Neurotransmitter Release (Alpha-2) Glycogenolysis and Bladder Wall Relaxation (Beta-2) Lipolysis (Beta-1) Thermogenesis (Beta-s)

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Excitatory and Inhibitory Actions of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Stimulation Sympathetic stimulation causes excitatory effects in some organs but inhibitory effects in others Parasympathetic likewise is excitatory or inhibitory depending on the organ affected c. See Table 60.2 in the textbook

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Function of the Adrenal Medullae Stimulation of the sympathetic nerves causes large quantities of epinephrine and norepinephrine to be released into the blood. Typically, 80% of the secretion is epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine Have the basic same effect as direct sympathetic stimulation except it lasts 5-10 times longer

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Epinephrine have almost the same effects but differences do occur in Epinephrine has a greater effect on cardiac stimulation because it stimulates beta receptors Epinephrine causes weaker constriction of blood vessels but increases CO Norepinephrine greatly increases the total peripheral resistance and elevates arterial pressure

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Epinephrine as 5-10 greater metabolic effect Value of the Adrenal Medullae to the Function of the Sympathetic Nervous System Epinephrine and norepinephrine are generally released at the same time as sympathetic stimulation Also stimulate areas that do not have sympathetic innervation

Basic Characteristics of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Function Relation of Stimulus Rate to Degree of Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Effect Only a low frequency of stimulation is required for full activation of autonomic effectors Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Tone Normally, both systems are continually active Allows a single nervous system to both increase and decrease the activity of a stimulated organ

Sympathetic System Sometimes Responds by Mass Discharge Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems Sympathetic System Sometimes Responds by Mass Discharge Parasympathetic System Usually Causes Specific Localized Responses Alarm or Stress Response of the Sympathetic Nervous System Increased arterial pressure Increased blood flow to active muscles and decreased blood flow to GI tract and kidneys

Increased rates of cellular metabolism throughout the body Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems Increased rates of cellular metabolism throughout the body Increased blood glucose concentration Increased glycolysis in the liver and muscle Increased muscle strength Increased mental activity Increased rate of blood coagulation

Medullary, Pontine, and Mesencephalic Control of the ANS Stimulation of Discrete Organs in Some Instances and Mass Stimulation in Other Instances by the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Systems Medullary, Pontine, and Mesencephalic Control of the ANS Fig. 60.5 Autonomic control areas in the brain stem and hypothalamus